{"id":685,"date":"2024-08-29T23:44:55","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T23:44:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=685"},"modified":"2024-09-20T19:35:51","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T19:35:51","slug":"removal-and-erasure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/removal-and-erasure\/","title":{"rendered":"Removal and Erasure"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"685\" class=\"elementor elementor-685\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9af6b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d9af6b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3620a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b3620a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Removal and Erasure<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d810b9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d810b9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSSCPL8Y?&#038;WS=SearchResults\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/99923588805867_ms_map6F_G4102_n6b5_1819_s8_0001-1536x631.jpg\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-712\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/99923588805867_ms_map6F_G4102_n6b5_1819_s8_0001-1536x631.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/99923588805867_ms_map6F_G4102_n6b5_1819_s8_0001-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/99923588805867_ms_map6F_G4102_n6b5_1819_s8_0001-1024x420.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/99923588805867_ms_map6F_G4102_n6b5_1819_s8_0001-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/99923588805867_ms_map6F_G4102_n6b5_1819_s8_0001.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Official survey of the boundaries of the Indian lands ceded to the United States by the Treaty of St. Louis, August 1816. Newberry Library<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc0792f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc0792f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As white settlement in the Midwest continued to expand, the United States was eager to negotiate more land cessions, especially those that would allow them to control the important Chicago portage. The 1816 Treaty of St. Louis was a major turning point in this effort, ceding land around the portage, as well as the connection between the Des Plaines and the Illinois rivers. This treaty was made with the explicit intent of creating a canal that would simplify travel across the portage. It also created the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/map.indigenous-chicago.org\/pr\/indigenous-chicago\/c\/1987b626-a7e4-43ea-9574-adc761b41d63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Boundary Line<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which limited where Neshnab\u00e9 (Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi) people could live in the area.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bba51d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8bba51d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"488\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"Felt Map\" src=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/embed\/map\/Removal-Map-DPZXNYBRQZiBDy6lus28sA?loc=42.2%2C-90.67%2C5.56z&legend=0&cooperativeGestures=1&link=1&geolocation=0&zoomControls=1&scaleBar=1\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0c7238 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b0c7238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c04c6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c04c6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Removal-Map-DPZXNYBRQZiBDy6lus28sA?loc=41.026,-92.049,6.49z&amp;share=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removal Map<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d987e15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d987e15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subsequent treaties in 1829 and 1832 ceded the remaining land in what is now called Chicago, and the 1833 Treaty of Chicago orchestrated the removal of Neshnab\u00e9 (Potawatomi, Ojibwe, and Odawa) people west of the Mississippi River. Many of these treaties were coercive, made on unequal footing, and later broken. But it&#8217;s too simple to say that Native nations didn&#8217;t know what they were signing or didn&#8217;t understand land ownership. Indigenous communities had long-standing practices for recognizing territorial boundaries that pre-date colonization, and they made difficult decisions that considered the interests of future generations. Treaties are binding agreements that uphold legal obligations still intact today.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fc1f2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7fc1f2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722173a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722173a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bfcb66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bfcb66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As removal occurred, white settlers also began to transform Chicago from an environment carefully managed by and suited for Indigenous needs to one that would support a settler economy. Prior to these changes, both the mouth of the Chicago River and the portage were shallow waterways ideally suited for canoes. The mouth of the river that lay just behind a submerged sandbar, the shallow Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, and the wetlands south of Lake Michigan were important habitats for both plant and animal relatives that Indigenous people relied on, especially wild rice and fur-bearing aquatic mammals like beaver and otter. However, since larger American ships often ran aground in these shallow waters, U.S. officials began planning to alter the waterscape to benefit Euro-American shipping.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a94c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29a94c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bd3938 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7bd3938\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSSBXMLK?&#038;WS=SearchResults\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/991659408805867_graff_1800_00001-1024x763.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-713\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/991659408805867_graff_1800_00001-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/991659408805867_graff_1800_00001-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/991659408805867_graff_1800_00001-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/991659408805867_graff_1800_00001-1536x1144.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/991659408805867_graff_1800_00001.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55dcd95 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"55dcd95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c16bce elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2c16bce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"488\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"Felt Map\" src=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/embed\/map\/24-09-04-Landscape-Change-Map-6mvrwfvYR9CmGYNd6j2XDLA?loc=42.0148%2C-87.7826%2C9z&legend=0&cooperativeGestures=1&link=1&geolocation=0&zoomControls=1&scaleBar=1\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c0bbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c0bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Landscape-Change-Map-6mvrwfvYR9CmGYNd6j2XDLA?loc=41.7262,-87.365,8.81z&amp;share=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Landscape Change Map<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-127a273 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"127a273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f84105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f84105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surveys of the land began immediately after the 1816 treaty, and by 1822, Congress gave permission for the creation of a canal along the existing portage route, breaking ground on the Illinois-Michigan Canal in 1836. Plans to reroute the river and create a harbor suitable for larger ships also began in this period. Congress earmarked funding for harbor improvements in 1828 and 1831 and began construction in 1833. The buzz around these engineering projects drew incoming waves of American settlers and land speculators, many of whom expressed their disdain at the wetland and marsh-dominated region. In order to make the land more desirable for these buyers, U.S. officials began several draining projects in 1832. These efforts would continue over the next decades, ultimately destroying 367,485 acres of wetlands.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ff9afe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ff9afe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d761566 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d761566\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e297aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e297aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/collections.leventhalmap.org\/search\/commonwealth:0r96fm830\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-1024x747.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-645\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-1024x747.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-300x219.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-768x560.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978.jpeg 1239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u201cA map of Chicago : incorporated as a town August 5, 1833.\u201d Norman B. Leventhal Map &amp; Education Center Collection Digital Collections, Boston Public Library<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94f3bc7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94f3bc7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5771bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5771bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As Native people were forced to leave Chicago and settlers transformed the landscape, they also created narratives and public representations that erased Indigenous people or, as in the above map meant to depict Chicago in 1833, quite literally pushed them to the margins. These are examples of what Ojibwe historian Jean O\u2019Brien calls \u201clasting narratives,\u201d stories and representations that declare Native people are the \u201clast of\u201d communities that will naturally disappear. These narratives helped to justify the taking of Native land by suggesting that Native people being removed was inevitable, rather than a result of U.S. policies.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5e3e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4f5e3e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27b1e19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"27b1e19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"488\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"Felt Map\" src=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/embed\/map\/Iconography-Map-5qLDiEuoRFanMm87gPzO7C?loc=41.9122%2C-87.7005%2C10.03z&legend=0&cooperativeGestures=1&link=1&geolocation=0&zoomControls=1&scaleBar=1\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50f52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50f52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Iconography-Map-5qLDiEuoRFanMm87gPzO7C?loc=41.9317,-87.5752,10.1z&amp;share=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iconography Map<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4d323 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c4d323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, narratives like these unfortunately continue. Native people are selectively represented in various types of monuments, murals, and other public art in Chicago, but the vast majority of these representations portray historical (often romanticized) Native people. By only depicting Native people in the past, these representations make it difficult for the public to understand that Native nations are contemporary, sovereign governments with a nation-to-nation relationship with the United States. Other types of public art in Chicago featured images that erase Indigenous people altogether or glorify colonialism. These representations send a powerful message about who we celebrate, who should be valued, and who belongs. Still, Native people have critiqued many of these representations, and also created some of their own that celebrate Indigenous cultures and lifeways.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e891e5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e891e5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35167c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35167c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5ad7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f5ad7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Story Map Sections<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fd24e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3fd24e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0db5da elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-cta--valign-middle elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"f0db5da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/John-G.-Strack-Charles-Strack-George-J.-Strack-1024x604.png);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Kiihkantanka, or Charles Strack (Myaamia) with his sons George and John, starring as extras in a movie or short that was filmed in Chicago. Image via aacimwahkionkonci, Stories from the Land, by the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReturning and Remaining\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/index.php\/returning-and-remaining\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57e35ae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"57e35ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beccdc2 elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"beccdc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/CAICC-NAS-2024.jpg);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Native community members participate in the Native American Summit at the Illinois state capitol in 2024. Photo via Chicago American Indian Community Collaborative\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIndigenous Chicago Present and Future\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/index.php\/indigenous-chicago-present-and-future\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccfe174 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ccfe174\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eaf210 elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"6eaf210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/StoryMap_Graphic_Sekulich-1024x569.jpeg);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"An illustrated interpretation of the\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChicago is a Native Place\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/index.php\/storymap\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248c6fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"248c6fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d46106c elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"d46106c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Section-from-The-Jesuit-Relations-e1724969896790.png);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Section from The Jesuit Relations\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEarly Contact and Travel Through Chicago\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/index.php\/early-contact-and-travel-through-chicago\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d3e48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"31d3e48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1cea5d elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"f1cea5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/9911519380305867_JME_vol_00002_no_000077_00001-1024x673.jpg);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A postcard rendering of Fort Dearborn created for the 1893 World\u2019s Fair. John I. Monroe Collection of Exposition Postcards, Newberry Library\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIncreased Settlement and the Transformation of the Great Lakes\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/index.php\/increased-settlement-and-the-transformation-of-the-great-lakes\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e0c611 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8e0c611\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f72e959 elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"f72e959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-1.40.52\u202fPM-e1726860934691-1024x607.png);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Removal Map\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHow to Use the Maps\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/index.php\/how-to-use-the-maps\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRead More\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7241f3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7241f3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6aa894 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6aa894\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As white settlement in the Midwest continued to expand, the United States was eager to negotiate more land cessions, especially those that would allow them to control the important Chicago portage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":645,"parent":521,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-685","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Removal and Erasure - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/removal-and-erasure\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Removal and Erasure - Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As white settlement in the Midwest continued to expand, the United States was eager to negotiate more land cessions, especially those that would allow them to control the important Chicago portage.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/removal-and-erasure\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-20T19:35:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1239\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"904\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/removal-and-erasure\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/removal-and-erasure\\\/\",\"name\":\"Removal and Erasure - 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