{"id":531,"date":"2024-08-29T18:11:58","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T18:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=531"},"modified":"2025-06-20T16:54:50","modified_gmt":"2025-06-20T16:54:50","slug":"a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/","title":{"rendered":"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

There are several variations of words and spellings used to refer to the Indigenous nations and people that call Chicago home. In particular, the official names of tribal nations that are recognized by the U.S. and Canadian governments are used in some contexts, but are not always the words that Indigenous people prefer to use to refer to themselves. Below, we give an overview of these words and the ones we rely on in this project for purposes of consistency. We have also included pronunciations and sound clips where they are available. We encourage you to read the longer entry for each group to learn more about their homelands, connections to Chicago, and contemporary tribal nations.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeshnab\u00e9k, Nishnaabeg, or Anishinaabek\/g (Three Fires Confederacy or Council)\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

There are several translations for these words, which hearken from\u00a0Neshnab\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0creation stories. Across several versions, they mean the original, good, real, or true people and represent a confederacy of three nations, the Bod\u00e9wadmik (Potawatomi), Ojibweg (Chippewa), and Odawak (Ottawa) who share similar languages, histories, cultures, and traditional lifeways. There are also multiple family ties across these nations, and there have historically been many political and military alliances between them. Neshnab\u00e9 homelands stretch across the northern and central Great Lakes. Many Neshnab\u00e9k stories tell of a great migration, in which people were compelled to leave their homes on the Atlantic coast and begin a westward migration to the Great Lakes region prior to contact with Europeans. While each community has its own version of the migration story, most tellings narrate a journey that included several stops and say that at one of the stops, the Neshnab\u00e9k split into three groups, while still maintaining close cultural, political, and economic connections: the Ojibweg (Keepers of Medicine), who migrated to the north and west of Lake Superior; the Odawak (Keepers of the Trade), who went to the north of Lakes Michigan, and Huron; and the Potawatomi (Keepers of the Fire), who traveled south to the coasts of Lake Michigan. Still, others believe that the Great Lakes have been home to the Neshnab\u00e9k since time immemorial. Since at least the 17th century, the Neshnab\u00e9 used the portages at Chicago to trade and create networks of exchange between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River Valley. Some Neshnab\u00e9 people began to establish more permanent village sites at Chicago in the 18th century, while others moved to Chicago seasonally before returning to their more permanent homes in other parts of the Great Lakes. Once land cessions began in the late 18th century, the Neshnab\u00e9 were the primary group that ceded land in the Chicago region. These treaties were made with \u201cthe united tribes of Ottawas, Chipawas, and Potawotomees,\u201d but the villages were primarily led by and identified as Potawatomi. Still, they certainly included Ojibwe and Odawa people. Though they ceded land in the Chicago region in the 1795, 1816, 1829, and 1832\u00a0treaties<\/a>, Neshnab\u00e9 people remained in Chicago until the U.S. government forcibly\u00a0removed<\/a>\u00a0most of them from Chicago and Illinois after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. However, there were some individuals and families who remained.\u00a0<\/p>

Today the Neshnab\u00e9 consist of over 150 nations recognized across the U.S and Canada. Most continue to live in the Great Lakes, but as a result of both removal and earlier migrations, some are located as far west as Montana, as far east as far north as central Alberta, as far east as Quebec, and as far south as Oklahoma. An interactive map of the nations and their relationship to the Great Lakes watershed is available\u00a0here<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>

Neshnab\u00e9k, Nishnaabeg, Anishinaabeg, Anishinaabek, Bod\u00e9wadmik, Ojibweg, and Odawak are the plural versions of the names, while the singular are Neshnab\u00e9, Nishnaabe, Anishinaabe, Bod\u00e9wadmi, Ojibwe, and Odawa, respectively.\u00a0The plural versions are mostly used in speaking in the languages themselves (in English, people often use the singular to reference both single and plural).\u00a0Bod\u00e9wadmi is the name for Potawatomi people in their own language, Bod\u00e9wadmimwen or Neshnab\u00e9mwen, and you will often hear Bod\u00e9wadmi and Potawatomi used interchangeably, though Potawatomi is a bit more common in public contexts. Ojibwe and Odawa are preferred over Chippewa and Ottawa. Anishinaabeg, Nishnaabeg, and Neshnab\u00e9k are all used, but each word is more common across different geographical regions. For consistency in this project, we use:\u00a0Neshnab\u00e9k, Potawatomi, Ojibwe(g), and Odawa(k)<\/b>.\u00a0<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Neshnab\u00e9(k)<\/b> (nish-nah-BEH(k)) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

Nishnaabe(g) <\/b>(nish-nah-BEH(g))<\/span><\/p>

Anishinaabe(g) <\/b>(ah-nish-ih-NAH-beh(g) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Ojibwe People\u2019s Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

Bod\u00e9wadmimwen <\/b>(boh-deh-WAD-mean-when) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Citizen Band of Potawatomi Dictionary<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Neshnab\u00e9mwen <\/b>(nish-nah-BEM-win) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Dictionary<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

Bod\u00e9wadmi(k) <\/b>(boh-deh-WAD-me(k)) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

Potawatomi<\/b> (pot-uh-WAH-tuh-me)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ojibwe(g) <\/b>(oh-JIB-way(g)) –\u00a0 Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Ojibwe People\u2019s Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

<\/b>Odawa(k) <\/b>(oh-DAH-wah(k))\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInohka or Meehkotia (Illinois\/Illini\/Illiniwek Confederation)\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

The Illinois Confederation includes a large group of related tribes: Peoria, Kaskaskia, Wea, Piankashaw, Cahokia, Tamaroa, Michigamea, Tapouara, Maroa, Moingwena, Chepoussa, Chinkoa, Coiracoentanon, Espeminkia, Pepikokia, Michibousa, Raparoua, Albivi, Eel River, and Amouokoa. As populations dwindled due to epidemics and war, smaller Illinois tribes would merge with larger, allied tribes who were often already familial relatives, creating larger confederations. When the French first entered Pais de Illinois (Illinois peoples\u2019 territory) in the late 17th\u00a0century, the primary polities were the Peewaalia (Peoria) and the Kaahkaahkia (Kaskaskia). At that point in time, the Kaskaskia were living near the Chicago portage, though most Illinois villages were located further south towards The Rock (Starved Rock). The traditional homelands of the Illinois prior to contact went far north into Canada, around the Great Lakes, encompassing Illinois and Indiana, and parts of Ohio, Wisconsin, and Michigan, all along the Mississippi River, as far south as New Orleans. They are Great Lakes people, who lived along the rivers, lakes, and waterways they used for travel and food sources. They descend from the ancient mound-building civilizations of Central North America from thousands of years ago, often called: Hopewell, Mississippian, or Adena cultures by anthropologists.<\/p>

During the 17th and 18th centuries, colonial conflicts and increasing settler migrations continued to push the Illinois further and further south and west, even into present-day Arkansas. By the nineteenth century, increasing violence, broken treaties, and oppressive federal removal policies forced them to leave their homelands. The survivors of these many nations consolidated in Kansas and since 1854 they have been known as the\u00a0Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma<\/a>, which is a federally-recognized confederation of Kaskaskia, Peoria, Peeyankih\u0161iaki (Piankashaw) and Waayaahtanooki (Wea). After decades in Kansas, the Peoria removed again; their reservation is presently located in the northeast corner of Oklahoma in Ottawa County.<\/p>

Peewaaliaki, Kaahkaahkiaki, Peeyankih\u0161iaki, and Waayaahtanooki are the plural versions of the names, while the singular versions, as well as words used to refer to the entire nations, are Peewaalia, Kaahkaahkia, Peeyankih\u0161ia, and Waayaahtanwa. These names and Inohka, the name of the confederation, are the names for this community in Inohkaataweenki, the language of the Illinois people. Today, tribal members most frequently use\u00a0Illinois Confederation, Peoria, Kaskaskia, Wea, and Piankashaw<\/b>, and we use these names for consistency across the project.<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Inohka <\/b>(ih-NO-kah)<\/span><\/p>

Illini <\/b>(ih-LIE-ni)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Inohkaataweenki\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

Peewaalia(ki) <\/b>(pay-WAH-lee-ah(kay)) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Miami-Illinois Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Peoria <\/b>(pee-OR-ee-ah)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Kaahkaahkia(ki) <\/b>(kahg-KAHG-gia(kay)) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Miami-Illinois Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

Kaskaskia <\/b>(kas-KAS-kia)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Peeyankih\u0161ia(ki) <\/b>(pay-yahn-gay-she-AH(kay)) –\u00a0<\/span>Listen to a sound clip on the Miami-Illinois Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

<\/b>Piankashaw <\/b>(pea-YANK-uh-shaw)<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMyaamiaki (Miami) and Waayaahtanooki (Wea)\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

As the\u00a0Miami Tribe of Oklahoma\u2019s website<\/a>\u00a0explains, the Myaamiaki are the downstream people and they \u201coriginate from the Great Lakes region where our homelands lie within the boundaries of the states of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, lower Michigan, and lower Wisconsin.” The Wea were relatives of the Myaamiaki. Pre-contact and in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Myaamia and Wea people resided in villages that stretched across the southern portion of Lake Michigan, from present-day southern Wisconsin across present-day northern Illinois and Indiana. This included their time at a village at Chicago in the late 17th century alongside Peoria and Kaskaskia relatives. Some Myaamia people moved further east toward the end of the 18th century, but there were still Myaamia villages near Chicago in the early 19th century and Myaamia people still claimed and articulated Chicago as a part of their ancestral homeland at the 1795 Treaty of Greenville negotiations. Myaamia people continue to claim this land within their homelands today.\u00a0<\/p>

Myaamia forced\u00a0removal<\/a>\u00a0from their lands in what is now north central Indiana began in 1846, and the federally-recognized\u00a0Miami Tribe of Oklahoma<\/a>\u00a0is today located in Oklahoma. The Wea moved south west before joining with the Peoria, Kaskaskia, and Piankeshaw people in 1854, and today they are part of the\u00a0Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma<\/a>, whose reservation is located in Oklahoma due to removal. The singular version of Myaamiaki is Myaamia. The singular version of Waayaahtanooki is Waayaahtanwa, the name for Wea people in Inohkaataweenki, the language of the Illinois, which is closely related to Myaamiaataweenki, the language of the Myaamiaki. In this project, we use\u00a0Myaamia(ki)<\/b>, which is preferred over Miami, and\u00a0Wea<\/b>, since it is most widely used today.\u00a0<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Myaamia(ki) <\/b>(mee-YAH-mee-ah-key) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Miami-Illinois Dictionary<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Myaamiaataweenki <\/b>(mee-YAH-mee-ah-tah-win-gay) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Miami-Illinois Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Waayaahtanwa <\/b>(why-AH-tahn-wah) and <\/span>Waayaahtanooki <\/b>(why-ah-tahn-OO-kay) –\u00a0 Listen to sound clips on the <\/span>Miami-Illinois Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

Wea <\/strong>(WEE-ah)<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTh\u00e2k\u00eewaki (Sac or Sauk) and Meskwaki (Fox)\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

The Sauk and Meskwaki share similar languages and cultures and became close allies after the Fox Wars in the first half of the eighteenth century, but they are distinct nations. According to the\u00a0Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri (in Kansas and Nebraska\u2019s) website<\/a>, the Sauk were known as the \u201cPeople of the Yellow Earth” while the Meskwaki were known as the \u201cRed Earth People.\u201d Both groups \u201chave been historically located in Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska.\u201d Alongside Anishinaabe people, Sauks and Meskwakis lived in villages at Chicago in the 1740s for several decades and lived in other villages throughout the larger Chicago region through the removal period. Sauk and Meskwaki people were removed via treaties in the first decades of the 19th century, and were further targeted by U.S. forces and pushed across the Mississippi River during the 1832 Black Hawk War, in which some Meskwaki people tried to return to Illinois to plant crops.\u00a0<\/p>

Today they are recognized by the federal government as three distinct federally-recognized nations:\u00a0Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma<\/a>,\u00a0Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri<\/a>\u00a0(in Kansas and Nebraska), and the\u00a0Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa<\/a>. Due to removals following the Black Hawk War, their reservations are located in Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska, and Iowa (respectively). Th\u00e2k\u00eewaki is the name for Sauk people in their own language, Th\u00e2kiw\u00e2tow\u00eaweni. However, Sauk and Sac are frequently used most by tribal members today. Meskwaki is preferred over Fox. For consistency in this project, we use\u00a0Sauk\u00a0<\/b>and\u00a0Meskwaki<\/b>.\u00a0<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Th\u00e2k\u00eewaki <\/b>(thah-KEY-wuh-kih)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Sauk <\/b>(sawk)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Th\u00e2kiw\u00e2tow\u00eaweni <\/b>(thah-key-wah-toh-WAA-weh-nih)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Meskwaki <\/b>(mes-KWAW-key)\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHooc\u0105k (Ho-Chunk or Winnebago)\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

According to the\u00a0Ho-Chunk Nation\u2019s website<\/a>, the Hooc\u0105k peoples \u201chave traditional lands that go from Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri and Illinois.\u201d\u00a0The Hooc\u0105k are linguistically related to the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) nations, the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota, while all other tribal nations on whose homelands include present-day Chicago speak different dialects of Algonquin languages. Ho-Chunk people moved through the Chicago portages prior to European contact, throughout the early contact period, and through the first part of the 19th century. Though most Ho-Chunk people lived north of the region in what is now southern Wisconsin by the time Europeans arrived, they are also the descendants of what archaeologists have called the Oneota people, whose villages are some of the oldest archaeological sites across northern Illinois and the Chicago region.\u00a0<\/p>

Some Ho-Chunk people remained in their ancestral homelands through various means, while others were\u00a0removed<\/a>\u00a0from Wisconsin beginning in 1840. Today, they are recognized by the federal government in two nations:\u00a0Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska<\/a>.\u00a0 Hooc\u0105k is the name for Ho-Chunk people in their own language, Hooc\u0105k hoit\u2019e. In this project, we use\u00a0Ho-Chunk<\/b>, since it is most widely used today by community members and preferred over Winnebago, which was a word that the French used to refer to the Hooc\u0105k people.\u00a0<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Hooc\u0105k <\/b>(HOH-chunk) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Ho-Chunk Nation Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

Ho-Chunk <\/b>(HOH-chunk)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Hooc\u0105k hoit\u2019e <\/b>(HOH-chunk-hoy-TEH) – Listen to a sound clip on the <\/span>Ho-Chunk Nation Dictionary<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiikaapoi (Kickapoo) and Mascouten\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

According to the\u00a0Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas<\/a>\u2019s website, the Kiikaapoi historically \u201coccupied the western portion of the woodland area in southern Michigan near Lake Erie. However, European invasion changed the lives and cultures of these woodland tribes forever.\u201d In the late 17th century, many Kickapoo were living in villages in the northwest region of Chicago with Mascouten, Sauk, Meskwaki, and Myaamia people. They continued to live in the region through the 18th century, but by 1800, most had moved east into present-day Indiana. The Mascouten united with the Kickapoo around this time, in the early 19th century.\u00a0<\/p>

Kickapoo and Mascouten people were forced to leave their homelands in the Midwest over several decades. Today, there are three federally-recognized Kickapoo Nations, the\u00a0Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas<\/a>, the\u00a0Kickapoo Tribe in Oklahoma<\/a>, and the\u00a0Texas Band of Kickapoo<\/a>. There are also Kickapoo people as far south as\u00a0Mexico<\/a>, who fled there during the removal era. Kiikaapoi is the name for Kickapoo people in their own language. In this project we use\u00a0Kickapoo<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0Mascouten<\/b>, which are most widely used by community members today.<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Kiikaapoi<\/b><\/p>

Kickapoo <\/b>(KICK-ah-poo)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Mascouten<\/b> (mas-COO-ten)\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOm\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113wak or Mamaceqtaw (Menominee)\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

As the\u00a0Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin\u2019s website<\/a> states, the\u00a0 Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113wak\/Mamaceqtaw originate from the mouth of the Menominee River and their \u201crich culture, history, and residency in the area now known as the State of Wisconsin, and parts of the States of Michigan and Illinois, dates back 10,000 years.\u201d During the colonial period, Menominee people primarily lived in what is now central Wisconsin. However, in the first decades of the 19th century, some lived in composite villages in what is now north-central Illinois alongside Potawatomi, Ojibwe, Odawa, and Ho-Chunk people.\u00a0<\/p>

Today the federally recognized\u00a0Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin<\/a> is located in their ancestral homelands. Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113w is the singular version of Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113wak, the name for Menominee people in their own language, Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113weqnasen. Some Menominee people also use the word Mamaceqtaw to refer to themselves – this literally means human beings. In this project, we use Menominee<\/b>, since it is most widely used among community members in public contexts.\u00a0<\/p>

Pronunciation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113w(ak)\u00a0<\/b><\/p>

Mamaceqtaw<\/b><\/p>

Menominee <\/b>(meh-NOM-ih-nee)<\/span><\/p>

Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113weqnasen<\/b><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUrban Indigenous People\u200b<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Starting in the late 19th century and extending through the present, Indigenous people have returned to or come to Chicago seeking both opportunities and community. In the 1950s, the federal government\u2019s Urban Relocation Policy encouraged Native people to leave their communities and relocate to cities like Chicago, as part of its larger efforts to assimilate Native people and eliminate tribal nations. Thousands followed promises of jobs and housing to cities like Chicago, but were met with racism and more broken promises when they arrived. Still, Native people formed inter tribal communities that depended on mutual aid and community support. Today, Chicago\u2019s Indigenous community includes the descendants of many who came to the city as a part of this relocation program, as well as others who came to the city for other reasons. The Indigenous population in Chicago is one of the largest urban Native communities in the United States and represents hundreds of different tribal nations.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Overall, we primarily use the terms <\/span>Native <\/b>and <\/span>Indigenous <\/b>in this project. While the term <\/span>American Indian <\/b>is still frequently used by many communities and in certain legal contexts, it is specific to tribal nations in the lower 48 United States. We use the terms above to be inclusive of Alaska Native, Canadian First Nations, and Native Hawaiian people who also call\u00a0 Chicago home. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSources<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

Forest County Potawatomi. \u201cTimeline of Potawatomi History.\u201d https:\/\/www.fcpotawatomi.com\/. <\/span>https:\/\/www.fcpotawatomi.com\/cultural-preservation\/timeline-of-potawatomi-history\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>

Garraghan, Gilbert. <\/span>Chicago Under French Regime. <\/span><\/i>Illinois State Historical Society. Publication No. 37. 1931.<\/span><\/p>

Grover, Frank E. \u201cIndian Treaties Affecting Lands in the Present State of Illinois\u201d <\/span>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society <\/span><\/i>8, no. 3 (Oct 1915), 379-419.<\/span><\/p>

Ho-Chunk Nation. \u201cHo-Chunk Dictionary Online.\u201d <\/span>https:\/\/dictionary.hochunk.org<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ho-Chunk Nation. \u201cThe Ho-Chunk Nation.\u201d <\/span>https:\/\/ho-chunknation.com\/<\/span><\/a> \u00a0 <\/span>https:\/\/ho-chunknation.com\/about\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ironstrack, George Michael. \u201cFrom the Ashes: one Story of the Village of Pinkwi Mihtohseeniaki.\u201d Master\u2019s Thesis, Miami University, 2006.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Kansas Kickapoo Tribe. \u201cKiikaapoi (Kickapoo) History.\u201d https:\/\/www.ktik-nsn.gov.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Lee, Jacob F. 2019. <\/span>Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions Along the Mississippi<\/span><\/i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/p>

Low, John N. \u201cPok\u00e9gnek Bod\u00e9wadmik The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians Keeper\u2019s of the Fire: A History and Introduction to the Community Through Texts and Images.\u201d American Indian Studies Ohio State University,<\/span> https:\/\/americanindianstudies.osu.edu\/. <\/span>https:\/\/americanindianstudies.osu.edu\/sites\/americanindianstudies.osu.edu\/files\/Pokagon%20website%202015%20final_0.pdf<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Macaulay, Monica. Om\u0101\u0113qnomen\u0113weqnasen W\u0113hcekanan, Menominee Dictionary. <\/span>Menominee Langauge and Culture Code Commission of the Menominee Indian Tribe, <\/span><\/i>2012, https:\/\/www.menominee-nsn.gov\/. <\/span>https:\/\/www.menominee-nsn.gov\/GovernmentPages\/Department.aspx?departmentID=1<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Malott, Kyle.\u00a0 Potawatomi Place Names Map. Pokagon Band of Potawatomi, http:\/\/wiwkwebthegen.com\/. <\/span>http:\/\/wiwkwebthegen.com\/digital-heritage\/cartographic-map-potawatomi-place-names-kyle-malott?page=4<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Miami Tribe of Oklahoma. \u201cAbout Us.\u201d The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, https:\/\/www.miamination.com. <\/span>https:\/\/www.miamination.com\/about-us\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Nelson, John William. <\/span>Muddy Ground: Native Peoples, Chicago\u2019s Portage, and the Transformation of a Continent. <\/span><\/i>Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Nishnaabemwin Odawa & Eastern Ojibwe Online Dictionary, <\/span>https:\/\/dictionary.nishnaabemwin.atlas-ling.ca\/#\/help<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ojibwe People\u2019s Dictionary. University of Minnesota. https:\/\/umn.edu. <\/span>https:\/\/ojibwe.lib.umn.edu\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Pearce, Margaret. \u201cW\u0105\u0105k\u0161ik huun\u0173p hom\u0105n\u012fra wag\u0173siraregi higi h\u012fn\u012fhawi. We have been here since the beginning of time. \u201d <\/span>The Field Museum.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>

Pearce, Margaret. \u201cMihtami myaamiaki nipinkonci saakaciweeciki. At first the Myaamiaki came\u00a0<\/span>out of the water.\u201d <\/span>The Field Museum.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>

Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma. \u201cOur Tribe: Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.\u201d <\/span>Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma<\/span><\/i>, https:\/\/peoriatribe.com. <\/span>https:\/\/peoriatribe.com\/history\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Pok\u00e9gnek Bod\u00e9wadmik. \u201cHistory.\u201d Pok\u00e9gnek Bod\u00e9wadmik, Pokagon Band of Potawatomi,<\/span> https:\/\/pokagonband-nsn.gov. <\/span>https:\/\/www.pokagonband-nsn.gov\/our-culture\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Prairie Band of Potawatomi. \u201cTribal History.\u201d Prairies Band of Potawatomi Nation, https:\/\/www.pbpindiantribe.com <\/span>https:\/\/www.pbpindiantribe.com\/tribal-history\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa. \u201cThe Meskwaki Nation.\u201d Meskwaki Annual Powwow, https:\/\/www.meskwakipowwow.com. <\/span>https:\/\/meskwakipowwow.com\/meskwaki-history<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska. \u201cHistory of the Tribe.\u201d Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, https:\/\/www.sacandfoxks.com. <\/span>https:\/\/www.sacandfoxks.com\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Sutterfield, Joshua. \u201cAciipihkahki:<\/span> I\u0161i Kati Mihtohseeniwiyankiwi Myaamionki, Roots of Place: Experiencing a Miami Landscape.\u201d Masters Thesis, Miami University, 2009.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. <\/span>Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. <\/span><\/i>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987).<\/span><\/p>

Temple, Wayne Calhoun and Sara Jones Tucker. <\/span>Atlas, Indian Villages of the Illinois Country. <\/span><\/i>(Springfield: Illinois State Museum, 1975).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Webkamigad, Howard. Ottawa Stories from the Spings anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong e zhinikaadek. (East Lansing, Mich: Michigan State University Press, 2015)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Whittaker, Gordon. A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language. The Sac & Fox National Public Library, 2005, https:\/\/www.sacandfoxnations-nsn.gov\/. <\/span>https:\/\/www.sacandfoxnation-nsn.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Copy-of-A-Concise-Dictionary-Sauk.pdf<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There are several variations of words and spellings used to refer to the Indigenous nations and people that call Chicago home.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":739,"parent":521,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-531","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nA Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home - Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are several variations of words and spellings used to refer to the Indigenous nations and people that call Chicago home.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-20T16:54:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Drum-transparent.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/\",\"name\":\"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home - Indigenous Chicago\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Drum-transparent.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-29T18:11:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-20T16:54:50+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Drum-transparent.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Drum-transparent.png\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1080},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Digital Resources and Maps\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/storymap\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/\",\"name\":\"Indigenous Chicago\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Indigenous Chicago\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png\",\"width\":1330,\"height\":1038,\"caption\":\"Indigenous Chicago\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home - Indigenous Chicago","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home - Indigenous Chicago","og_description":"There are several variations of words and spellings used to refer to the Indigenous nations and people that call Chicago home.","og_url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/","og_site_name":"Indigenous Chicago","article_modified_time":"2025-06-20T16:54:50+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Drum-transparent.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/","name":"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home - Indigenous Chicago","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Drum-transparent.png","datePublished":"2024-08-29T18:11:58+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-20T16:54:50+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Drum-transparent.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Drum-transparent.png","width":1920,"height":1080},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/a-guide-to-indigenous-people-who-call-chicago-home\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Digital Resources and Maps","item":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/storymap\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"A Guide to Indigenous People Who Call Chicago Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#website","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/","name":"Indigenous Chicago","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#organization","name":"Indigenous Chicago","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png","width":1330,"height":1038,"caption":"Indigenous Chicago"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=531"}],"version-history":[{"count":59,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/531\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3425,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/531\/revisions\/3425"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/521"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/739"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}