{"id":1861,"date":"2024-09-10T17:42:11","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T17:42:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=1861"},"modified":"2024-09-19T20:53:13","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T20:53:13","slug":"question-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-4\/question-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Question 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1861\" class=\"elementor elementor-1861\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f16d66 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5f16d66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69bfdcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"69bfdcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09a4fef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"09a4fef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e13c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2e13c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Module 4 Supporting Question 3:<br><br>How have Indigenous people in the Chicago area seen their activism as connected with the fights of other communities?\n\n\n<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880896a elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"880896a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Learning Objectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of this exercise, I can\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">describe Indigenous activism in Chicago in the 1960s and 1970s<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Topical\/Time Period Focus<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exercise could also be paired with teaching about:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The African American Civil Rights Movement<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Illinois Learning Standards<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civics<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.CV.8. Analyze the methods individuals can use to challenge laws to address a variety of public issues.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.3. Evaluate the methods used to promote change and the effects and outcomes of these methods on diverse groups of people.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.7. Identify and analyze the role of individuals, groups and institutions in people&#8217;s struggle for safety, freedom, equality and justice.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.8. Analyze key historical events and contributions of individuals through a variety of perspectives, including those of historically underrepresented groups.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.10. Identify and analyze ways in which marginalized communities are represented in historical sources and seek out sources created by historically oppressed peoples. <\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Vocabulary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Pronunciation<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Definition<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">advocacy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>ad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7vuh\u00b7kuh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">speaking or acting in support of a particular person, group of people, or cause<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">eviction<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ee\u00b7<\/span><b>vik<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shun<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">removing someone from a specific property, often a place they are living<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intertribal (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in\u00b7ter\u00b7<\/span><b>trai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7bl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people from multiple tribes being present and\/or people from multiple tribes sharing space, ideas, and connections<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powwow (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pow\u00b7wow<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a social gathering of Indigenous people; each community\u2019s powwow is unique, but they share a common set of dance and song styles; powwows often include food, jewelry, and clothing for sale, as well as special events to honor members of the community<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relocation policy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ree\u00b7low\u00b7<\/span><b>kay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn <\/span><b>paa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7luh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a federal policy to assimilate Native people by moving them from reservations to cities for work<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">removed (v. or adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ruh\u00b7<\/span><b>moovd<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">taken away; in the context of Native history, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">removed <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">often refers to Native peoples who were forced to leave their homelands<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solidarity (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">saa\u00b7luh\u00b7<\/span><b>deh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ruh\u00b7tee<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acting in support of another group\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Background<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\"><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relocation<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After decades of being pushed out of their homelands, Native people in the 20th century increasingly returned to Chicago. This included both people whose communities had been removed from Chicago before the mid-1800s and people from Native nations elsewhere. In the early and mid-1900s, there were few social services for Native people in Chicago. So, community members got together and created the services they needed. This reflects Indigenous values of generosity and care that have shaped Indigenous <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> systems for thousands of years. These services often filled needs the federal government promised to meet but never did. The organizations that Native people created became hubs of social life and political advocacy. Among the many important organizations were:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian Council Fire (ICF) was founded in 1923. It provided housing, legal help, education, and employment support for Native people in Chicago and the Midwest.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The American Indian Center (AIC) opened in 1953. It soon became an important site for community gatherings. From 1964-1972, the AIC ran the Canoe Club and numerous other clubs, which provided important spaces for <\/span><b>intertribal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> community building. The AIC also held (and continues to hold) frequent powwows (you\u2019ll learn more about powwows in the exercise below!).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St. Augustine Center provided significant support for Native people who moved to Chicago as part of the U.S. government\u2019s <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> program (see below). It was open from 1961 to 2006. St. Augustine provided supportive services to Native people who lived in the city. It especially served Native people new to Chicago and Native people who had few resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native people moved to Chicago across the 20th century for a variety of reasons. The largest arrival of Native people at one time resulted from the voluntary <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> program that the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) ran from 1952 to 1972, which the government officially authorized under the 1956 Indian <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> act. The BIA used the program to encourage Native people to leave their reservations and move to cities like Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Seattle. This is called <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The BIA used promotional posters, photographs, and videos to paint a picture of what life could be like in cities. They promised relocatees good housing and employment. These promises weren\u2019t kept. Few relocatees ever saw these benefits. Instead, most Native people who relocated faced discrimination that led to poor housing, unemployment, and poverty. Many felt isolated from their home communities and cultures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native nations have a government-to-government relationship with the United States based in treaties and the <\/span><b>trust relationship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means both Native nations and the US government have made promises that they must keep. The United States has rarely kept its promises to Native people. <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> policy was another broken promise.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Relocation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attempted to remove Native people \u2013 especially young adults \u2013 from their communities. It tried to end Native peoples\u2019 sense of identity and belonging to their communities. Many people relocated through the federal program, and many others relocated on their own because of the need for work. Native people came together in their new environments in cities to support one another and build new communities. They retained their cultural identities through urban organizations and by maintaining their connections to their reservations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Red Power and the Native American Committee (NAC)<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Activism in Native communities in the 20th century took many forms and covered many topics. Some forms of activism focused on supporting the Chicago Native community, some focused on advocating for issues in Native peoples\u2019 homelands, and some focused on national issues.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refers to the explosion of Indigenous activism throughout the late 1960s and 1970s. Activism under <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> focused on treaty rights, land return, education, Indigenous languages, and combatting poverty, among others. <\/span><b>Red Power <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">represented an <\/span><b>intertribal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> approach to <\/span><b>advocacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Some of the most famous protests of the Red Power movement were enacted by the American Indian Movement<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(AIM). AIM is a community organization founded by Ojibwe people in Minneapolis in 1968 to protest police brutality against Native people. They led a number of protests, including marches and occupying buildings. In 1969, another group, called Indians of All Tribes, occupied Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz was a former federal prison and was sitting vacant by the 1960s. Protesters cited the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States and Lakota people; they said the treaty meant that any unused federal lands would go back under Native control. For 18 months, hundreds of Native people lived on Alcatraz, until federal officials forced them to leave. Protestors used their occupation to raise awareness of the needs of Native people, including advocating for Native peoples\u2019 civil rights. <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> topics and tactics sometimes overlapped with other movements for peoples\u2019 civil rights in the 1960s and 1970s. For example, <\/span><b>Red Power <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">organizers shared ideas and sometimes organized with the Black Power Movement, Chicano Movement, Asian American Movement, women\u2019s rights movement, and gay rights movement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the late 1960s, several local initiatives in Chicago sought to create advocacy campaigns that resonated with <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In 1969, the Native American Committee (NAC) formed within the Chicago American Indian Center to support <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> activism. They especially focused on the occupation of Alcatraz Island by the American Indian Movement that began that year. A year later in 1970, NAC led an occupation of the Chicago Bureau of Indian Affairs Office in solidarity with the occupation of Alcatraz.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Indian Village (CIV)<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also in 1970, organizers within NAC set up teepees near Wrigley Field to protest the <\/span><b>eviction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Carol Warrington (Menominee). Warrington was one of the many Native people who came to Chicago as part of the Indian <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> program who was not given the support she was promised. Native organizers stayed at the site for about three months. Even after the police forced them out, some kept protesting. They started calling themselves the Chicago Indian Village (CIV). The CIV was led by Mike Chosa and Betty Jack Chosa, siblings from the Lac de Flambeau Ojibwe reservation in Wisconsin who came to Chicago during <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The CIV occupied several important places over the next two years. CIV tactics to occupy abandoned federal land were similar to those used by other <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> organizations. Between 1971 and 1972, they occupied several sites. These included an abandoned Nike missile site at Belmont Harbor, a United Methodist Church summer camp facility in Naperville called Camp Seager, Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Big Bend Lake in Des Plaines, Camp Logan near Zion, and Fort Sheridan. At the time of the CIV occupation, the Nike missile site was vacant (it previously was a military site for experimenting with anti-aircraft missiles). Since Native people had such poor housing options in Chicago, protestors demanded that the city repurpose the lot to provide housing for 200 Native people, along with a school for Native students. After two weeks on site, the police evicted the protestors on July 1, 1971. You can explore these and other moments of activism across the 20th century in the site tour on the Indigenous Chicago website.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CIV also co-organized with groups like the Black Panther Party and the Rainbow Coalition. Many <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> organizers worked through partnerships with other organizations. This allowed them to join forces and raise more awareness of the issues that impacted their communities. One example of this is the Black Hills Alliance (BHA). Since the United States\u2019 violation of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie during the gold rush, Lakota people have been fighting for the restoration of the Black Hills. The Black Hills are a sacred site for Lakota people. In the 1970s, a group of white ranchers and farmers in South Dakota started raising concerns about the impact of mining on the ground water. While the Lakota and white ranchers and farmers were often opposed to each other, this was an issue they could come together on. Together, they formed the Black Hills Alliance to protect the Black Hills.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throughout the 1940s-1970s, many Lakota people moved to Chicago on <\/span><b>relocation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and otherwise to find work. They did not lose their connections to home. This allowed messages from organizations like the Black Hills Alliance to reach as far as Chicago.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Powwows<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A note on <\/span><b>powwows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: One source in this exercise references <\/span><b>powwows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Rather than the often used (and inappropriate) expression, \u201clet\u2019s have a powwow to talk about this,\u201d a <\/span><b>powwow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a social gathering for Native people. They started in the 1920s and 1930s and built on older dance and music traditions from tribes in the Plains. Powwows spread across the country in the 1940s-1960s. By the 1960s, they had a common format with common dance and song styles. They also include specials and songs specific to the local community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Powwows helped the Chicago Native community build a sense of shared identity in the 20th century. When urban community members came together, they shared songs, dances, and food. The community programs they created taught children and youth how to dance and make their regalia (dancing clothes). [NOTE: Regalia is a specific type of cultural clothing, it should never be called a \u201ccostume\u201d or a \u201ctraditional garb.\u201d]\u00a0 Powwow has long been a form of entertainment as well as a way of teaching cultural values, sharing histories, and building connections within and between communities. As the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aicchicago.org\/69th-annual-chicago-powwow\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago American Indian Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> notes, \u201c<\/span><b>Powwow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the time for American Indian people to meet and join together in dancing and singing, while renewing old friendships and making new ones. Additionally, powwows provide opportunities to renew thoughts of the \u2018old ways\u2019 and preserve a rich heritage. Finally, <\/span><b>powwows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> offer a chance for friends and families of all cultures to take part of the experience.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike ceremonies, <\/span><b>powwows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are social events and are often open to the public. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago\u2019s American Indian Center has the nation\u2019s oldest <\/span><b>intertribal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powwow, which has been held each year since 1953!\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixico, Donald. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945-1960. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tom Greenwood Papers, Box 1, Foldes 1-14. Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LaGrande, James B. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago, 1945-75. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Low, John. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imprints: The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians and the City of Chicago. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2016).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Steps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: We invite you to use the components of the Indigenous Chicago curriculum that best align with the needs of your classroom. The following suggested steps can be modified as needed, and we invite you to use the teacher\u2019s history brief to inspire new exercises that best meet the needs of your students. Please note that we suggest shortening, rather than modifying, the language of historical sources to best reflect the original source\u2019s context, intention, and voice.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might want to use one of the following resources as you work through the sources below:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-written-document-intermediate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u201cAnalyzing a Written Document\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Manuscripts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Manuscripts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Primary_Sources.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Activism by Indigenous people in Chicago focuses on both issues within the Chicago Native community and issues affecting Native communities in other places. Just as Native people who were <\/span><b>removed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Chicago have maintained connections with Chicago as their homelands, Native people who came to Chicago from elsewhere (either as part of <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or after) have often maintained strong connections with their home communities. In this exercise, we\u2019ll start local by looking at activism that primarily impacted the local Chicago Native community and we\u2019ll finish with how the Chicago Native community has worked in <\/span><b>solidarity <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with Indigenous struggles elsewhere. Review the information in the Background section above. What do you notice about the Chicago Indian Village? About Alcatraz? About the Black Hills Alliance?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. To prepare for the primary sources you\u2019re about to look at, create a chart like the one below (adapted from Nokes, 2022, p. 130):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Source\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>number<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What should I know about the source and its maker?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (HIPP: historical context, intended audience, purpose, perspective\/point of view)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What does the source tell me? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(summary)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>How does the source compare to the information in other sources?<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Review the Background section on the Chicago Indian Village (CIV).<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was the CIV?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who was Carol Warrington?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who was Mike Chosa?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Take a look at Source 1, these press photographs of the Chicago Indian Village taken for the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Daily News <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(printed again in a later section). As you read in the Background section, Native people in Chicago organized in response to the lack of adequate housing available to Native people living in Chicago. This included the Chicago Indian Village. Look at the first three photographs, which focus on Menominee community organizer Carol Warrington.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1868 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2506\" height=\"952\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM.png 2506w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-1024x389.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-768x292.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-1536x584.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-2048x778.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2506px) 100vw, 2506px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1870 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1396\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM.png 1396w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM-300x57.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM-1024x195.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM-768x146.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1396px) 100vw, 1396px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you answer the following questions, it might help to read the Newberry Library\u2019s description of these three photos:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three photographs show Carol Warrington, a Menominee woman who began a rent strike in 1970 to pressure her landlord to improve the poor conditions in her apartment near Wrigley Field. When she was <\/span><b>evicted<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on 5 May 1970, the Native American Committee (NAC) took on her cause. One of the photographs shows Warrington and her children in a teepee borrowed from the American Indian Center (AIC) in Chicago, which was pitched in an empty lot across the street from her former home. Mike Chosa, a leader of the NAC, encouraged others to join him in demanding justice for Warrington and better living conditions for Indigenous Americans. Another photograph, dated 16 June 1971, shows Warrington and another Native woman cooking for protestors on a portable stove in the empty lot. Some protestors from the NAC left after a few days to pursue other goals; those who remained, under the leadership of Chosa, adopted the name Chicago Indian Village (CIV). The third photograph of Warrington shows her speaking to Lincoln Park Zoo director Lester Fisher on 30 December 1971 during a sit-in staged by Indigenous protestors.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you notice about the photos?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who seems to be in the photos? How do they look (angry, happy, excited, resolute, etc.)?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What forms of taking care of each other, organizing, and\/or <\/span><b>advocacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> do you notice?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What additional information does the caption give you?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What strategies for <\/span><b>advocacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> do you notice in the photos and the catalog description?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do these photos and their descriptions tell you about the Chicago American Indian Center in the 1960s and 1970s?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on these images and descriptions, describe the efforts of Native people in Chicago to protect the well-being of the community.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Move to the next two photos. These two photographs show Mike Chosa and other Chicago Indian Village supporters leaving Belmont Harbor on Lake Michigan at the end of a CIV protest. Analyze the information available in the images:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1871 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2392\" height=\"852\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM.png 2392w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-1024x365.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-768x274.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-1536x547.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-2048x729.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2392px) 100vw, 2392px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does Chosa (left) look leaving the site?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who do the people walking with him in the front appear to be (police, journalists, fellow protestors, etc.)?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does this indicate about the protest\u2019s impact? About what other people outside the protest thought of it?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Combine these images with the ones of Carol Warrington. What strategies for raising awareness or creating social change did Chicago Native community members use in the 1960s and 1970s?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. The next photographs show the occupation of the Chicago Bureau of Indian Affairs Office (BIA). As you learned in Carlos Montezuma\u2019s essay in SQ 2, the BIA has long symbolized both the federal government\u2019s responsibilities to Native people and its failures to follow through on its commitments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1541 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>Real footage! <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019d like to learn more about the goals of Indians of All Tribes, you can view this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/7QNfUE7hBUc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7-minute news reel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Mohawk organizer Richard Oakes. The interview begins at 0:58, and coverage ends at 6:55. You can also read the Indians of All Tribes proclamation on p. 10 of this <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/freedomarchives.org\/Documents\/Finder\/DOC40_scans\/40.Movement.January.1970.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1970 issue<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Movement.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you read in the Background section, when the Native American Committee (NAC) formed within the Chicago American Indian Center in 1969, it joined national movements for <\/span><b>Red Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. From November 1969 to June 1971, Red Power activists occupied Alcatraz island off the coast of San Francisco. Read the National Park Service\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/alca\/learn\/historyculture\/we-hold-the-rock.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">overview<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or view this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/xyL_65M-u9k?si=x4OPAI42GIZ7OHW6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6-minute video<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from CBS Sunday Morning. You can also explore the National Park Service\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/goga\/red-power-on-alcatraz.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">commemoration<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the 50th anniversary of the occupation in 2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Summarize the Occupation of Alcatraz.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why did Native people occupy Alcatraz?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What were they hoping to accomplish?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. View Source 2, the Chicago BIA occupation photographs (also printed with more context at the end of this document). Notice the posters on the floor, one of which reads, \u201cReturn Alcatraz to the Native Americans.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1872 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1906\" height=\"1318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM.png 1906w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-1024x708.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-768x531.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-1536x1062.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1906px) 100vw, 1906px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you notice about the people in the photographs?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why do you think they chose the BIA office as a symbolic space to occupy?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do these images reveal about Indigenous organizing in Chicago, both in support of the local community and in support of national struggles?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How did Native people in Chicago see themselves as connected to national issues?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe the role of the Chicago American Indian Center\u2019s role in community organizing in the 1960s.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9. Now, take a look at Source 3 (also printed at the end of this document), this flier for the 1979 <\/span><b>powwow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the American Indian Center in support of the Black Hills Alliance (BHA).<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1873 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Black-Hills-Alliance-Powwow-Flyer.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Black-Hills-Alliance-Powwow-Flyer.png 468w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Black-Hills-Alliance-Powwow-Flyer-223x300.png 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why might a <\/span><b>powwow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> be a good way to raise funds for a specific social cause?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the flier, where will the powwow be?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does the price of entry (about $6.50 in 2024 dollars) tell you about how accessible the event was to the public?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research Floyd Westerman and Bill Means. Why would their attendance be attractive to the community and draw more people to the fundraiser?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10. Now, think about the recipient of the funds. Read Joe Ryan\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/14e_Vak-Kh3JpFu1dYxzUWImFEulZbO-r\/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">two-page overview<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the BHA in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Indian Journal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ryan talks about a 1979 BHA march to protest mining in the Black Hills. You might also consider viewing the documentary <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lakotanationvsus.movie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lakota Nation vs. United States<\/span><\/i><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to learn more about the history of Lakota struggles to protect the Black Hills.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throughout the 20th century, many Lakota families moved to Chicago. What does the connection between the AIC powwow and the BHA imply about Chicago Native connections with Indigenous struggles in other places?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on this example, how did Native people stay connected to their homelands and home communities?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might this form of activism (fundraising for an Indigenous cause) reflect Indigenous values for generosity and taking care of each other?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might the AIC\u2019s support of an anti-mining group (the BHA) be a way of protecting and advocating for Indigenous homelands?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11. Summing it up! Look across the three examples. How would you describe Native activism in Chicago based on these stories? Return to the core question: \u201cHow have Indigenous people in the Chicago area seen their activism as connected with the fights of other communities?\u201d Journal about how you see Indigenous activism in the Chicago area as connected with national movements and crises in other Indigenous communities across the 1960s and 1970s.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1427\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1427\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 1: A set of press photographs from the Chicago Indian Village in 1970 and 1971 <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1427\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1427\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1880 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Carol-Warrington.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"217\" height=\"233\" \/>Carol Warrington was a Menominee woman and mother of six. In 1970, she and her children were evicted, prompting the first encampment outside Wrigley Field that led to the founding of the Chicago Indian Village (CIV). Warrington is considered one of the founders of the CIV and went on to participate in several more occupations with them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1881 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Mike-Chosa-300x266.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Mike-Chosa-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Mike-Chosa.png 491w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mike Chosa was Ojibwe, from the Lac de Flambeau reservation in Wisconsin. Chosa led the protest outside Wrigley Field after Carol Warrington was evicted, and prior to helping found the Chicago Indian Village (CIV), he also participated in the Native American Committee. Chosa came to Chicago in the 1950s as part of the Indian relocation program.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Chicago Daily News, Photos of the Chicago Indian Village, Virgil Vogel Collection, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1868 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2506\" height=\"952\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM.png 2506w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-1024x389.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-768x292.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-1536x584.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.47.26-PM-2048x778.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2506px) 100vw, 2506px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A close-up of the caption on the third image:<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1870 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1396\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM.png 1396w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM-300x57.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM-1024x195.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.50.16-PM-768x146.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1396px) 100vw, 1396px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1871 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2392\" height=\"852\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM.png 2392w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-1024x365.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-768x274.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-1536x547.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.51.42-PM-2048x729.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2392px) 100vw, 2392px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1428\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1428\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 2: Two photographs of the 1970 NAC occupation of the Chicago Bureau of Indian Affairs regional office<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1428\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1428\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Native American Committee (NAC) was an activist group formed in 1969 within the Chicago American Indian Center. The group was founded to support Red Power Activism through local initiatives, including a 1970 occupation of the Chicago Bureau of Indian Affairs Office (pictured below) and a 1970 encampment outside of Wrigley Field. NAC went on to help found three Native schools in Chicago, and they published a newsletter called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Red Letter.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Orlando Cabanban, Photographs of the BIA Occupation, Orlando Cabanban Photographs, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1872 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1906\" height=\"1318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM.png 1906w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-1024x708.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-768x531.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-10-at-12.53.15-PM-1536x1062.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1906px) 100vw, 1906px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1429\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1429\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 3: A flier from a 1979 powwow at the Chicago American Indian Center to benefit the Black Hills Alliance<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1429\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1429\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chicago American Indian Center was founded in 1953 to provide a community space for and create connections among Native people moving to the city as part of the BIA relocation program. The center began hosting annual powwows, as well as other powwows to benefit various causes and organizations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Black Hills Alliance (BHA) is an organization founded by Lakota people and white ranchers and farmers to protect the Black Hills from uranium mining, which was damaging to the ground water. BHA was founded in 1979 and it held significant events that year and the following.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: \u201cPowwow to Benefit Black Hills Alliance\u201d flyer. 1979. Virgil Vogel Collection, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1873 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Black-Hills-Alliance-Powwow-Flyer.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Black-Hills-Alliance-Powwow-Flyer.png 468w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Black-Hills-Alliance-Powwow-Flyer-223x300.png 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b19beef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b19beef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fac63b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9fac63b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5636728 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5636728\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Downloadable Documents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a77632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a77632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everything in this module will be available to download as Word documents. Coming soon!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How have Indigenous people in the Chicago area seen their activism as connected with the fights of other communities?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1868,"parent":924,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1861","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-4\/question-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Question 3 - 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