{"id":1715,"date":"2024-09-06T21:38:02","date_gmt":"2024-09-06T21:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=1715"},"modified":"2024-09-19T20:38:39","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T20:38:39","slug":"question-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Question 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1715\" class=\"elementor elementor-1715\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b72aa20 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b72aa20\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-947d1f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"947d1f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5a2d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4f5a2d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5bba1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5bba1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Module 3 Supporting Question 3:<br><br>How have Indigenous people used Chicago as a gathering place to address national issues?\n<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d4ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"b1d4ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Learning Objectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of this exercise, I can\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">analyze temporary <\/span><b>convergences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for political organizing in urban centers like Chicago<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evaluate how the Chicago American Indian <\/span><b>Conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> brought together Native people to set a vision for<\/span><b> self-determination<\/b><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Topical\/Time Period Focus<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exercise could also be paired with teaching about:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African American Civil Rights Movement. Connect to political organizing and urban community development (1960s)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Illinois Learning Standards<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inquiry<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.IS.5. Gather and evaluate information from multiple primary and secondary sources that reflect the perspectives and experiences of multiple groups, including marginalized groups.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civics<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.CV.9. Evaluate public policies in terms of intended and unintended outcomes and related consequences on different communities including the marginalization of multiple groups.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.14. Analyze the geographic and cultural forces that have resulted in conflict and cooperation. Identify the cause and effects of imperialism and colonization.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Vocabulary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Pronunciation<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Definition<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">advocate (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>ad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7vuh\u00b7kayt<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to speak or act in support of a particular person, group of people, or cause<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">colonialism (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kuh\u00b7<\/span><b>low<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7nee\u00b7uh\u00b7li\u00b7zm<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when one group of people invades another group of people, steals their natural resources, and controls their politics, social life, and economics<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conference (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>kaan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7fr\u00b7uhns<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a gathering of people for a shared goal (e.g. learning, sharing research, working on a shared project)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">convergence (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kuhn\u00b7<\/span><b>vur<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7jns<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the process of coming together<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intertribal (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in\u00b7ter\u00b7<\/span><b>trai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7bl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people from multiple tribes being present and\/or people from multiple tribes sharing space, ideas, and connections<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relocation policy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ree\u00b7low\u00b7<\/span><b>kay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn <\/span><b>paa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7luh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a federal policy to assimilate Native people by moving them from reservations to cities for work<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">self-determination (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>self<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7duh\u00b7tur\u00b7muh\u00b7<\/span><b>nay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the right of a community to decide how it wants to live<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereign (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>saa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7vr\u00b7uhn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereign <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">refers to having <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereignty<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is the authority of a political community to govern itself and engage in agreements with other government<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Termination policy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ter\u00b7mih\u00b7<\/span><b>nay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn <\/span><b>paa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7luh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a federal policy to get rid of Native nations by \u201cterminating\u201d their government-to-government relationship with the United States<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Background<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native nations have a government-to-government relationship with the United States based in treaties. This means both Native nations and the US government have made promises that they must keep. The United States has rarely kept its promises to Native people. <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> policy was another broken promise.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1950s, the US government tried three policies to get rid of Native nations and take over Native land: <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>termination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and Public Law 280, which changed rules in some states for handling crimes. <\/span><b>Termination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> both directly impacted Native people in Chicago, while Public Law 280 affected many of their communities back home. Both <\/span><b>termination <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>relocation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">were part of how the U.S. government tried to <\/span><b>assimilate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Native people. <\/span><b>Termination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proposed that if the federal government thought certain Native nations were \u201csufficiently assimilated,\u201d then they were no longer their own nations. It ended government-to-government relationships with these tribes, which violated the treaties. <\/span><b>Termination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ended the government-to-government relationship between many Native nations and the United States; some of these have been reinstated, but many are still fighting for their rights to be restored.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The federal Bureau of Indian Affairs ran the Voluntary <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Program from 1952 to 1972, which the government officially authorized under the 1956 Indian <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> act. They used the program to encourage Native people to leave their reservations and move to cities like Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The Bureau of Indian Affairs used promotional posters, photographs, and videos to paint a picture of what life could be like in cities. They promised relocatees housing and employment. These promises weren\u2019t kept. Few relocatees ever saw these benefits. Instead, most Native people who relocated faced discrimination that led to poor housing, unemployment, and poverty. Many felt isolated from their home communities and cultures. <\/span><b>Relocation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attempted to remove Native people \u2013 especially younger adults \u2013 from their communities. It tried to end Native peoples\u2019 sense of identity and belonging to their communities. But Native people came together in their new environments in cities to support one another and build new communities. Many people relocated through the federal program, and many others relocated on their own because of the need for work. Native people came together in their new environments in cities to support one another and build new communities. They retained their cultural identities through urban organizations and by maintaining their connections to their reservations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native people responded to the United States\u2019 broken promises through direct activism and protest. They also came together to write policy statements and organize politically. The Chicago American Indian Conference of 1961 was one of these coming together moments in Chicago. Native participants and non-Native attendees convened at the University of Chicago from June 13-20, 1961 (organizers agreed that non-Native people should observe but let Native people drive the conversation). They wanted to respond to the impacts of <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Termination. They also wanted to call out the lack of updated federal studies on the conditions of Native people. Native and non-Native people believed that a national conference could drive the goal of Indigenous <\/span><b>self-determination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Chicago Conference brought Native people together with an objective: to create a statement on national government issues for Indian Affairs. The conference also facilitated connections between people from many tribes, which connected Native people on a national scale. At the conference, they wrote the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Declaration of Indian Purpose<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The National Congress of American Indians presented this declaration to President John F. Kennedy in 1962. After the conference, Native people continued to organize, like when a group of Native youth created the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources<\/span><\/i><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixico, Donald. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945-1960. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tom Greenwood Papers, Box 1, Folders 1-14. Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LaGrande, James B. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago, 1945-75. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Steps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: We invite you to use the components of the Indigenous Chicago curriculum that best align with the needs of your classroom. The following suggested steps can be modified as needed, and we invite you to use the teacher\u2019s history brief to inspire new exercises that best meet the needs of your students. Please note that we suggest shortening, rather than modifying, the language of historical sources to best reflect the original source\u2019s context, intention, and voice.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might want to use one of the following resources as you work through the sources below:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-written-document-intermediate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u201cAnalyzing a Written Document\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Manuscripts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Manuscripts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Primary_Sources.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. After Relocation, Indigenous people came together to <\/span><b>advocate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for their rights to <\/span><b>self-determination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (for more on Indigenous activism, see the Activism and Resistance module). One example of Indigenous people coming together to advocate for their rights is the Chicago American Indian <\/span><b>Conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of 1961. This <\/span><b>conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was organized by a group of Native and non-Native participants. It brought together more than 500 Native people from more than 90 Native nations. To begin, review the information about what led to the <\/span><b>conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Background section above.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. To prepare for the primary sources you\u2019re about to look at, create a chart like the one below (adapted from Nokes, 2022, p. 130):<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Source number<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What should I know about the source and its maker? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(HIPP: historical context, intended audience, purpose, perspective\/point of view)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What does the source tell me? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(summary)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>How does the source compare to the information in other sources?<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Sol Tax was a researcher at the University of Chicago who helped organize the <\/span><b>conference. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read through this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/14220\/rec\/2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planning letter <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from Sol Tax (Source 1).<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How would you describe the organizing of the <\/span><b>conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (a group effort, an individual, improvised, well organized, etc.)?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How big did organizers think the <\/span><b>conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> might be?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What did they envision as the goal of the <\/span><b>conference?<\/b><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1718 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-planning-letter.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"699\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-planning-letter.png 699w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-planning-letter-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Now, look at this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/14904\/rec\/13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">newspaper article<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about the <\/span><b>conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Sun-Times <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in June 1961 (Source 2). The two-page section also includes an essay by Sol Tax.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does the article describe the need for <\/span><b>self-determination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does he think people should know about the diversity between Native people?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">List the responsibilities Sol Tax identifies as responsibilities of federal government agencies:<\/span><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li>\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re using the other Indigenous Chicago exercises: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Given the history of Chicago you know by this point, why might Chicago have been an appropriate place for such a convening? How does this <\/span><b>conference <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fit within longer histories of <\/span><b>convergences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Chicago?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1719 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-newspaper-article-1-Large.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"873\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-newspaper-article-1-Large.png 1280w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-newspaper-article-1-Large-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-newspaper-article-1-Large-1024x698.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-newspaper-article-1-Large-768x524.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. At the <\/span><b>conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, attendees wrote the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Aofk3RnsDZPcdz_6rRzApnZXuIY6FeD5\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Declaration of Indian Purpose<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Source 3). This is the document that was published and delivered to President Kennedy following the conference. Read the \u201cCreed\u201d (also printed at the end of this document) and skim through other sections.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does the document recognize the long history of Native people under <\/span><b>colonialism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In what ways is the document a response to the broken promises connected to the Relocation policy?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does it represent another way of people coming together to support each other?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historians have noted that the Kennedy administration did not do much with the declaration after the presentation. Why do you think the declaration is still a significant document?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Summing it up! In SQ1, you thought about Indigenous confederacies prior to colonization and early settler-Indigenous interactions through trade and diplomacy. In SQ2, you thought about <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and how Native people came together to build a new intertribal community in Chicago. Now, in SQ3, you\u2019ve thought about a temporary <\/span><b>convergence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the Chicago American Indian Conference.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do each of these stories teach us about how people support themselves and their connections with one another, particularly in the face of social disruptions? <\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/span><\/i><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: You can use this question for a formative assessment of your choosing to assess the SQ and the skills you are currently working on with your students. If you\u2019d like a longer or more structured summative assessment, please see our suggested exercise <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12eaYnRenxO0kfW_tperXqSnO4fg3-7xTfyO0Efrm15A\/edit?usp=sharing\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1867\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1867\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 1: A letter from Sol Tax to Chicago area Indians regarding the preparations for a convention to be held in June, 1961, February 7, 1961<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1867\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1867\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can see a higher resolution version of the document <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/14220\/rec\/2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.\u00a0<\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figure id=\"attachment_1724\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1724\" style=\"width: 183px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1724\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"183\" height=\"275\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1724\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sol Tax<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sol Tax was an non-Native anthropologist. He is best known for creating \u201caction anthropology.\u201d \u201cAction anthropology\u201d is an approach to research that prioritizes working with communities to create shared goals and support their priorities. He carried out his community-focused research for many decades at the University of Chicago. Tax worked closely with community members to plan the 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference and draft the Declaration of Indian Purpose.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5><b>THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO\u00a0 February 7, 1961<\/b><\/h5><p><b>To: Ben Bearskin, Neffie Berryhill, Nathan Bird, William Careful, Earl Cordier, Irene Dixon, Frank Fastwolf, David Fox, Harry Funmaker, Kenneth Funmaker,Lenore George, Mary Greendeer, Tom Greenwood, Helen Harden, Dorothy Holstein, Hiawatha Hood, Robinson Johnson, Columbus Keahna, William La Mere, Cloe La Pearl, Ed La Plante, Marlo Martinez, Verne MIller, Daniel Mousseaux, Ernest Naquayouma, Edward Poitra, Richard Poweshiek, Tom Segunde, Rose Stevens, Deanna Stops, Ray Tahahwah, Annette Teboe, Carol Trebian, Mary Treetop, Melvin Walker, Vincent Zurega:<\/b><\/p><p><b>You are invited to supper next Saturday evening February 11<\/b><b>th<\/b><b> at 6 P.M. at ISHAM MEMORIAL Y.M.C.A., 15lS North Ogden Ave., Chicago. You will be joined at supper by a number of Indians who have come from all over the U.S.A. to make preliminary plans for theAmerican Indian Charter Convention which will be held here in Chicago, June 13-20. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those who will be here include: Austin Buckles, Fred Kabote, George Kenote, Judge Lacey Maynor, D\u2019Arcy McNickle, Helen Peterson, John C. Ranier, William Rickard, FrankTakes Gun, Alvin Warreo, Clarence Wesley, and George O. Heron, Dibbon Cook.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After supper, the visitors will leave and all of you who accept this invitation will be a temporary \u201cWays and Means Committee\u201d to plan an \u201cAll Chicago\u201d meeting which will be held on Saturday evening February 25 also at ISHAM MEMORIAL Y.M.C.A.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Let me start again from the beginning. This Charter Convention will be held at the University of Chicago in June. All Indians in the U.S.A. are invited to come; and they are already discussing different programs for the future of American Indians.<\/b><\/p><p><b>Since the Convention will be In Chicago, the Indians living in Chicago are \u201chosts\u201d. Therefore, I invited to my home last Friday night Ben Bearskin, Frank Fastwolf, Tom Greenwood, Dorothy Holstein, Robinson Johnson, Willard La Mere, Thomas Segundo, and Melvin Walker. Mrs. Holstein and Tom Segundo could not come. The others, after several hours of discussion decided (1) there might be several thousand Indians coming to Chicago for the Convention,and much planning needs to be done; (2) therefore, there should be an early meeting of all Chicago Indians who can be reached in time &#8212; and this meeting Is scheduled for Feb. 25; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3) a temporary Ways and Means Committee should get together as soon as possible to discuss the problems, and prepare for the meeting &#8211;and this meeting is scheduled for Feb. 11th, (4) to give me names of Indians to be invited to this Feb. 11 meeting.<\/span><\/p><p><b>All of the names at the head of this letter were supplied by those who met with me last Friday evening. I am only the \u201cco-ordinator\u201d.<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May I Invite you most cordially to come to the meeting this coming Saturday, Feb. 11th. Time: 6 P.M., Place: ISHAM MEMORIAL Y.M.C.A., 1515 N. Ogden.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1718 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-planning-letter.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"699\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-planning-letter.png 699w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax-planning-letter-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: \u201cSol Tax to Bearskin et. al,\u201d February 7, 1961. Box 1, Folder 6, Tom Greenwood Papers, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1868\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1868\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 2: Chicago Sun-Times, June 11, 1961, \u201cWhat the Indians Want\u201d<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1868\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1868\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>You can view the article in its entirety <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/14906\/rec\/13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1724\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1724\" style=\"width: 183px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1724\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Sol-Tax.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"183\" height=\"275\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1724\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sol Tax<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sol Tax was an non-Native anthropologist. He is best known for creating \u201caction anthropology.\u201d \u201cAction anthropology\u201d is an approach to research that prioritizes working with communities to create shared goals and support their priorities. He carried out his community-focused research for many decades at the University of Chicago. Tax worked closely with community members to plan the 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference and draft the Declaration of Indian Purpose.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Tax, Sol. \u201cWhat the Indians Want.\u201d June 11, 1961. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Sun Times. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Box 1, Folder 11, Tom Greenwood Papers, Newberry Library.<\/span><\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><b>What the Indians Want<\/b><\/h5><p>\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1725\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1725\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1725 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.24-PM-1024x740.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.24-PM-1024x740.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.24-PM-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.24-PM-768x555.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.24-PM-1536x1109.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.24-PM.png 1642w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1725\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Indian population has risen by about 50 per cent in the last 30 years. (Sun Times map by Jack Jordan)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Older than the nation itself and more complex than ever is the American Indian \u201cproblem.\u201d\u00a0 For decades, only piecemeal, stop-and-go actions have been taken to help Indians fulfill their aims and adjust fully to a growingly complex society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>No comprehensive survey of the Indian situation has been made in 32 years.\u00a0 But this week the Indians themselves, representing hundreds of tribes all over the country, will gather on the campus of the University of Chicago to arrive at a declaration of purpose embodying their goals.<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Co-ordinator [sic] of the all-tribal conference, which climaxes a series of regional meetings, is Dr. Sol Tax.\u00a0 This article was prepared after discussions with others active in planning the conference:\u00a0 Robert Rietz, director of the Chicago Indian Center; Dr. Nancy O. Lurie of the University of Michigan, and Albert Wahrhaftig, an assistant to the co-ordinators [sic].\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This background article summarizes the highlights of the Indian \u201cproblem,\u201d underscoring some of the fallacies and failures of previous policies.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><h5><b>THE AUTHOR\u00a0<\/b><\/h5><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1726 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.32-PM-237x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.32-PM-237x300.png 237w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.32-PM.png 534w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Sol Tax, widely regarded as one of the nation\u2019s leading authorities on the American Indian, is a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among his publications are \u201cAcculturation in the America\u2019s,\u201d [sic] \u201cIndian Tribes of Aboriginal America\u201d and \u201cCivilizations of Ancient America.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is the editor of Current Anthropology, a worldwide anthropological journal, and is past president of the American Anthropological Assn.\u00a0 He received his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Chicago in 1935 and joined the faculty in 1940.\u00a0 From 1955 to 1958 he was chairman of the university\u2019s anthropology department.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5>\u00a0<\/h5><h5><b>Views to Be Aired At Parley Here\u00a0<\/b><\/h5><p>\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1727\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1727\" style=\"width: 439px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1727 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.42-PM-439x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.42-PM-439x1024.png 439w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.42-PM-129x300.png 129w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.49.42-PM.png 602w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1727\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Member of [the] American Indian steering committee preparing &#8220;Declaration of Indian Purpose&#8221; is Benjamin Bearskin of Chicago. Bearskin is a Sioux-Winnebago [Ho-Chunk\/Dakota] who once headed [the] Chicago American Indian Center.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>It may come as a surprise that there are about as many Indians in the United States today as there were when Columbus discovered America.<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aboriginal population of North America, including Canada and the northern border area of Mexico, is estimated to have been about 1,000,000.\u00a0 This population was greatly reduced by wars and epidemics, and by the end of the 19<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Century it appeared that the Indians were a people doomed to extinction.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>In the 20<\/b><b>th<\/b><b> Century, their numbers have been steadily and rapidly increasing.\u00a0 Between 1930 and 1960, the American Indian population\u2014excluding Alaska\u2014rose from 332,397 to 508,665, an increase of approximately 50 per cent, roughly the same as the increase in the nation as a whole despite the fact that Indian death rates are still proportionately higher compared to birth rates than is the case for the general population.\u00a0 It is striking that this increase continues even though all government programs consistently aim at decreasing the Indian population as such\u2014in earlier years by military campaigns and for the last 75 years by promoting the disappearance of Indians into the general population.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Nor are 1961 Indians merely Indians by name or appearance.\u00a0 While we may pass many of Chicago\u2019s more than 4,000 Indians in the streets every day without even realizing that they are Indians, almost all of them live and guide their lives in terms of moral values more Indian than non-Indian.\u00a0 The \u201cvanishing American\u201d is here to stay.<\/b><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">THE SO-CALLED \u201cINDIAN PROBLEM\u201d has been with us since Colonial times.\u00a0 Although special bureaus, agencies and commissions in the federal and many state governments, as well as private organizations, have devoted vast amounts of money and endless expert planning to Indian affairs, the \u201cproblem\u201d remains.\u00a0 One may well ask why.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To seek an answer to this question, Indians from tribes all over the nation will meet for a week beginning Tuesday at the University of Chicago.\u00a0 <\/span><b>The American Indian Chicago Conference will climax six months of concerted effort by Indians themselves to make their own voices heard.\u00a0 We anthropologists who are co-ordinating [sic] the effort have set ourselves the task of listening and learning but not speaking.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the last six months, I (for one) have learned more about the Indian view than in my 30 years of previous research.\u00a0 We do not know what proposals will be made at the conference nor the language in which they will be couched, but it is already possible to restate the \u201cIndian problem\u201d in terms of the underlying Indian point of view, to take into account not only the objective facts as known from historical and anthropological studies, but how these facts have been experienced and interpreted by Indians themselves.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>FROM THE BEGINNING, Indians have cherished their heritages, their communities, their homelands, their moral values.\u00a0 More than anything else, they have wanted to retain their identity.\u00a0 Whenever they came to realize that Europeans had come to take away their land and their identity, they resisted. From the beginning, whenever programs have threatened their land or their identity, such programs have failed. Therefore, the first necessity in dealing with Indians in the United States honestly and intelligently is to stop trying to take away their land and stop trying to take away their identity as Indians.\u00a0 We must assume that every Indian tribe is here to stay.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basing policy on any other assumption is like saying that the solution to the well-known school bus problem is for all Roman Catholics to become Protestants or vice versa.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>This does not mean that we have to move back to Europe and give the continent back to the Indians.\u00a0 It only means that we must stop threatening the last remnants of Indian land holdings and strengthen the Indians\u2019 land base wherever we can.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Nor does this mean that Indians expect to live by hunting, fishing and handouts from the federal government or anybody else.\u00a0 It only means that we should return to Indians, for as long as needed\u2014and this may be forever\u2014some equivalent to the economic opportunity that was lost to them with the loss of their lands.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Nor does the requirement that their identity be respected mean that Indians want to turn back the clock and live in the manner of their ancestors at the time of European contact.<\/b><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>RESPECTING THE IDENTITY of Indians means recognizing the continuing existence and identity of Indian communities.\u00a0 Nobody is \u201cjust an Indian.\u201d\u00a0 He is, first of all, a Tuscarora, or an Apache, or a Menomini [Menominee], or a Klamath or a member of some other tribe with its particular history and traditions.\u00a0 Before the white man came, there were Hopis, and Winnebagoes [Ho-Chunk] and many other tribes, but no \u201cIndians.\u201d\u00a0 It is only the Europeans who saw them all as \u201cIndians.\u201d\u00a0 Therefore, a threat to the existence of the community is a threat to the existence of every member of the community.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Some Indian people resent having been \u201cgiven\u201d citizenship by Congress in 1924, seeing in this act the possible destruction of their tribal integrity and individual rights.\u00a0 The implication, such as in the word \u201cassimilation,\u201d that a tribe and its culture will eventually disappear, is a threat of death to every individual concerned.\u00a0 No wonder the long-standing assumption that Indians will welcome assimilation has paralyzed attempts at constructive programs for Indians. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a change, no matter how beneficial, is defined as a change from being Indian to being white, it stands a good chance of not being adopted.\u00a0 If the opportunity to learn a trade suggests the beginning of a process of departure from being an Indian, it may well be rejected.\u00a0 Precisely because the rifle, the horse and the automobile were never associated with assimilationist interpretations, they were incorporated into Indian cultures.\u00a0 Frequent failures of \u201cgovernment programs\u201d may be traced to justifying them as a means of assimilation.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New and better understanding and some 300 years of historical perspective point out not only our past errors but how effective it would be to approach the Indian problem in a totally new light.\u00a0 It should be easy enough now to stop taking the land, since we have taken all but a tiny fraction of the entire continent from the Indians, and perhaps Indians should now let bygones be bygones.\u00a0 How can they let bygones be bygones when they have not yet gone by?\u00a0 The age-old effort continues to alienate Indians from their few remaining acres under the same old pretexts that it is for their own good.\u00a0 Indeed, it even bothers us to let them have some few bits of their remaining lands free of local real estate taxes, thinking it too \u201cgenerous\u201d or \u201cdiscriminatory.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individual Indians never had the right to alienate tribal property, and there is probably no case in our history when a trible [sic] responsibly and willingly parted with the territory it used and occupied as its own.\u00a0 The continent was therefore taken away by hook or by crook.\u00a0 We who think of land as real estate do not understand or appreciate the continuing and poignant personal loss felt by Indians who lose their lands.\u00a0 While my work and association with Indians made me aware of the sacred tie of the Indian to land, the last six months have revealed its unsuspected intensity and universality.\u00a0 A tribe without its land is as inconceivable as an Indian without his tribe.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Since the time of earliest contact, it has been our bland and na\u00efve assumption that Indians would not only part with their lands as so much real estate, but would jump at the slightest chance to shake off their curious customs and strange ways to become like Europeans.\u00a0 The psychological reason for this myth probably combined the hopes that Indians living like Europeans would need only a few acres per family and there would be more than enough land for all; and that European farmers would be spared the disconcerting example of Indian neighbors hunting and fishing while they would on routine farm tasks.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IN ORDER NOT to waste the taxpayer\u2019s money and the Indians\u2019 time in futile enterprises based on the expectation of eliminating the Indian problem by eliminating Indian communities, government agencies must reconcile themselves to the historic fact of Indian persistence and develop an appropriate administrative philosophy.\u00a0 All who are concerned with Indian welfare must be reconciled to the need to subsidize Indian communities and to help Indian individuals to make their ways as Indians.\u00a0 How much less subsidy than at present will ultimately be required we will know only after the Indian people receive opportunities to develop their resources in an unthreatening atmosphere of free choice.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The famous case of the Mohawks, who have made the high steel industry uniquely and peculiarly their own specialty while retaining and reaffirming their identity as Mohawks, illustrates that Indians can adapt effectively to the most modern conditions\u2014given opportunity and free choice.\u00a0 The Mohawk case was not a government program\u2014it developed fortuitously\u2014but it offers a model and a philosophy in solving the Indian problem.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1728 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM-1024x788.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM-1024x788.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM-768x591.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM-1536x1182.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>RECOGNIZING THE IDENTITY of Indian communities and their right to persist means more than only removing threats.\u00a0 It also means allowing the Indian communities to become again whole and fully functioning.\u00a0 When Indian communities were independent and sovereign, they were able to adapt readily to changing conditions and avail themselves intelligently and efficiently of new ideas, techniques and material objects.\u00a0 Throughout the long period of the fur trade, for example, Indians enriched their cultures without losing their sense of identity.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>In our management of Indian affairs we have made two serious miscalculations.\u00a0 First, we, rather than the Indians, have decided what their goals should be.\u00a0 Second, we have tried to see to it that these goals are reached by our own rather than by the Indians\u2019 methods.\u00a0 Important community decisions are made by outsiders and the work of carrying out the decisions is done by outsiders.\u00a0 Since a normal community derives its meaning in the very act of organizing to make decisions and to carry them out, all American Indian communities have been effectively crippled.\u00a0 One result of this has been that normal differences of opinion cannot be worked out within the community.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since decisions are made outside the community, people with inclinations and skills for leadership can only compete for power rather than resolve issues and carry out responsibilities.\u00a0 Then, compounding the error, we blame tribes for their \u201cfactionalism\u201d and for the \u201clack of true community leadership;\u201d and we claim still more the need to make their decisions for them \u201cbecause they can never get together.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IT IS SOMETIMES ARGUED that the crippling effects of governmental paternalism could have been avoided if the government had simply \u201cstayed out of the Indian business.\u201d\u00a0 But this has not worked either.\u00a0 There are many Indian communities which are not recognized by the government which face problems as acute as those of the over-regulated communities.\u00a0 These \u201cnon-reservation\u201d settlements, even when they no longer \u201cown\u201d their land, are identifiable as communities whose members are as attached to their territories as any other Indians, and with pressing problems comparable to the others.\u00a0 Their problems cannot be wished away by refusing to recognize them.\u00a0 These are communities without paternalistic control but also without the needed subsidization to begin to carry out choices they would like to make for their own benefit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>IF THE FOREGOING ANALYSIS is correct in regard to Indian communities generally, whether recognized or unrecognized by the federal government, and if it properly takes into account the Indian point of view, it appears that the responsibilities of government agencies are clear:\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><ol><li><b> \u00a0 \u00a0 Indian communities should be subsidized without setting any time limits.\u00a0<\/b><\/li><li><b> \u00a0 \u00a0 Subsidization must not interfere with effective Indian selection and execution of their own programs.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/li><li><b> \u00a0 \u00a0 Subsidization on the same terms must include legitimate, traditional Indian communities that perhaps never have been subsidized.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is said that Congress, at least, will not consider proposals so different from the established concepts of Indian administration, ineffective as these concepts have proved.\u00a0 I assume, however, that people are educable and that Congress is responsive to informed public opinion.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>The Indians meeting in conference in Chicago this week are eager to bring their problems as they understand them before the American public and to tell us how they are prepared to work them out.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Will these Indians be satisfied to find solutions, limited by the established channels of administrative precedent in the belief that this is their only possible recourse?\u00a0 Or, will they rather strike out in a direction which is unprecedented but necessary from their own point of view in the hope that the American public will, for the first time, hear and be impressed by \u201cthe voice of the American Indian\u201d on the Indian problem?\u00a0 In either case,<\/span><b> the choice will be a decision of the Indian people themselves and thus a necessary first step toward any good solution of the age-old \u201cIndian problem.\u201d\u00a0<\/b><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1869\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1869\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 3: Creed of the Declaration of Indian Purpose of the Chicago American Indian Conference, 1961<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1869\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1869\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can see the full Declaration of Indian Purpose <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Aofk3RnsDZPcdz_6rRzApnZXuIY6FeD5\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chicago American Indian Conference of 1961 was a convening of Native and non-Native people at the University of Chicago from June 13-20, 1961. They wanted to respond to the impacts of <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Termination. They also wanted to call out the lack of updated federal studies on the conditions of Native people. Native and non-Native people believed that a national conference could drive the goal of Indigenous <\/span><b>self-determination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Chicago Conference brought Native people together to create a statement on national government issues for Indian Affairs. The conference also helped connect people from many tribes. At the conference, they wrote the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Declaration of Indian Purpose, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the opening Creed is printed here. A \u201ccreed\u201d is a formal statement of shared beliefs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creed<\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WE BELIEVE in the inherent right of all people to retain spiritual and cultural values, and that the free exercise of these values is necessary to the normal development of any people. Indians exercised this inherent right to live their own lives for thousands of years before the white man came and took their lands. It is a more complex world in which Indians live today, but the Indian people who first settled the New World and built the great civilizations which only now are being dug out of the past, long ago demonstrated that they could master complexity.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WE BELIEVE that the history and development of America show that the Indian has been subjected to duress, undue influence, unwarranted pressures, and policies which have produced uncertainty, frustration, and despair. Only when the public understands these conditions and is moved to take action toward the formulation and adoption of sound and consistent policies and programs will these destroying factors be removed and the Indian resume his normal growth and make his maximum contribution to modern society.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WE BELIEVE in the future of a greater America, an America which we were first to love, where life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness will be a reality. In such a future, with Indians and all other Americans cooperating, a cultural climate will be created in which the Indian people will grow and develop as members of a free society.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: \u201cDeclaration of Indian Purpose.\u201d 1961.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8e5192 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f8e5192\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5585960 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5585960\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d02e53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d02e53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12ad6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a12ad6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Downloadable Documents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-023d20e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"023d20e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everything in this module will be available to download as Word documents. Coming soon!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How have Indigenous people used Chicago as a gathering place to address national issues?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1728,"parent":405,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1715","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How have Indigenous people used Chicago as a gathering place to address national issues?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-19T20:38:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1588\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1222\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"27 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/\",\"name\":\"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-09-06T21:38:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-09-19T20:38:39+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png\",\"width\":1588,\"height\":1222},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/question-3\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Curriculum Overview\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Module 3 Landing Page\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-3\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Question 3\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/\",\"name\":\"Indigenous Chicago\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Indigenous Chicago\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png\",\"width\":1330,\"height\":1038,\"caption\":\"Indigenous Chicago\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago","og_description":"How have Indigenous people used Chicago as a gathering place to address national issues?","og_url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/","og_site_name":"Indigenous Chicago","article_modified_time":"2024-09-19T20:38:39+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1588,"height":1222,"url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"27 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/","name":"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png","datePublished":"2024-09-06T21:38:02+00:00","dateModified":"2024-09-19T20:38:39+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-4.50.01-PM.png","width":1588,"height":1222},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-3\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Curriculum Overview","item":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Module 3 Landing Page","item":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Question 3"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#website","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/","name":"Indigenous Chicago","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#organization","name":"Indigenous Chicago","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Indigenous-Chicago-Log_Del-Real.png","width":1330,"height":1038,"caption":"Indigenous Chicago"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1715","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1715"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1715\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2668,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1715\/revisions\/2668"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/405"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1728"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1715"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}