{"id":1405,"date":"2024-09-04T22:48:35","date_gmt":"2024-09-04T22:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=1405"},"modified":"2024-09-19T20:30:34","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T20:30:34","slug":"question-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Question 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1405\" class=\"elementor elementor-1405\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-083a5d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"083a5d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b93b0ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"b93b0ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf699c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6bf699c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4630a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4630a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Module 3 Supporting Question 2:<br><br>How have Indigenous people in Chicago supported one another during and since Relocation?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5efb050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"5efb050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Learning Objectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9951\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of this exercise, I can\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">describe the social context that led to Indigenous peoples being relocated to Chicago<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discuss how Indigenous peoples have supported one another in rebuilding a sense of stability after social upheaval<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evaluate the needs someone might have when relocating to a new place<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Topical\/Time Period Focus<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9952\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exercise could also be paired with teaching about:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African American Civil Rights Movement. Connect to Indian Relocation Policy and urban community development (1950s-1980s)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Illinois Learning Standards<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9953\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inquiry<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.IS.5. Gather and evaluate information from multiple primary and secondary sources that reflect the perspectives and experiences of multiple groups, including marginalized groups.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.G.10. Analyze how historical events and the diffusion of ideas, technologies and cultural practices have influenced migration patterns and the distribution of the human population.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civics<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.CV.9. Evaluate public policies in terms of intended and unintended outcomes and related consequences on different communities including the marginalization of multiple groups.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.14. Analyze the geographic and cultural forces that have resulted in conflict and cooperation. Identify the cause and effects of imperialism and colonization.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9954\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Vocabulary\u00a0<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Pronunciation<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Definition<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assimilate (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uh\u00b7<\/span><b>si<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7muh\u00b7layt<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to force a person or group of people to give up their languages, religions, and other lifeways and to adopt the languages, religions, and lifeways of another group<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">coalition (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">koh\u00b7uh\u00b7<\/span><b>li<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a combination of people or groups working together in partnership toward a common goal<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">convergence (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kuhn\u00b7<\/span><b>vur<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7jns<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the process of coming together<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intertribal (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in\u00b7ter\u00b7<\/span><b>trai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7bl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people from multiple tribes being present and\/or people from multiple tribes sharing space, ideas, and connections<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kinship (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>kin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shihp<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">family relationships; sharing a sense of connectedness<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">regalia (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ruh\u00b7<\/span><b>gay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7lee\u00b7uh<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in this context, culturally significant celebratory clothing for special occasions like powwows, graduations, and other socially important events<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relocation policy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ree\u00b7low\u00b7<\/span><b>kay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn <\/span><b>paa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7luh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a federal policy to assimilate Native people by moving them from reservations to cities for work<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">self-determination (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>self<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7duh\u00b7tur\u00b7muh\u00b7<\/span><b>nay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the right of a community to decide how it wants to live<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereign (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>saa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7vr\u00b7uhn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the right of a political community to govern itself and engage in agreements with other governments<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Termination policy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ter\u00b7mih\u00b7<\/span><b>nay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn <\/span><b>paa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7luh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a federal policy to get rid of Native nations by \u201cterminating\u201d their government-to-government relationship with the United States<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trust relationship<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">truhst ruh\u00b7<\/span><b>lay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shuhn\u00b7shihp<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one way of naming the legal relationship between the United States and Native nations; under the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trust relationship<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the US government has a moral and legal responsibility to protect Native people and their lands<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Background<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9955\"><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relocation<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After decades of being pushed out of their homelands, Native people in the 20th century increasingly returned to Chicago. This included both people whose communities had been removed from Chicago before the mid-1800s and people from Native nations elsewhere. In the early and mid-1900s, there were few social services for Native people in Chicago. So, community members got together and created the services they needed. This reflects Indigenous values of generosity and care that have shaped Indigenous <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> systems for thousands of years. These services often filled needs the federal government promised to meet but never did. The organizations that Native people created became hubs of social life and political advocacy. Among the many important organizations were:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian Council Fire (ICF) was founded in 1923. It provided housing, legal help, education, and employment support for Native people in Chicago and the Midwest.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The American Indian Center (AIC) opened in 1953. It soon became an important site for community gatherings. From 1964-1972, the AIC ran the Canoe Club and numerous other clubs, which provided important spaces for <\/span><b>intertribal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> community building. The AIC also held (and continues to hold) frequent powwows (you\u2019ll learn more about powwows in the exercise below!).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St. Augustine Center provided significant support for Native people who moved to Chicago as part of the U.S. government\u2019s <\/span><b>relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> program (see below). It was open from 1961 to 2006. St. Augustine provided supportive services to Native people who lived in the city. It especially served Native people new to Chicago and Native people who had few resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native people moved to Chicago across the 20th century for a variety of reasons. The largest arrival of Native people at one time resulted from the voluntary relocation program that the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) ran from 1952 to 1972, which the government officially authorized under the 1956 Indian relocation act. The BIA used the program to encourage Native people to leave their reservations and move to cities like Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Seattle. This is called <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The BIA used promotional posters, photographs, and videos to paint a picture of what life could be like in cities. They promised relocatees good housing and employment. These promises weren\u2019t kept. Few relocatees ever saw these benefits. Instead, most Native people who relocated faced discrimination that led to poor housing, unemployment, and poverty. Many felt isolated from their home communities and cultures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native nations have a government-to-government relationship with the United States based in treaties and the <\/span><b>trust relationship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means both Native nations and the US government have made promises that they must keep. The United States has rarely kept its promises to Native people. <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> policy was another broken promise.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was part of a long chain of policies to try to get rid of Indigenous cultures and remove Indigenous people from their homelands. For example, in 1887, Congress passed the General Allotment Act, which divided Indigenous lands into individual plots. \u201cSurplus\u201d lands were given or sold to non-Native people. This resulted in the loss of 90 million acres.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1950s, the US government tried two new policies to get rid of Native nations and take over Native land. The 1956 Indian relocation act and the 1953 Termination Act both aligned with decades of United States policies to <\/span><b>assimilate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Native people. <\/span><b>Termination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proposed that if the federal government thought certain Native nations were \u201csufficiently assimilated,\u201d then they were no longer their own nations. It ended government-to-government relationships with these tribes, which violated the treaties. <\/span><b>Termination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ended the <\/span><b>sovereign<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> status of many Native nations; some of these have been reinstated, but many are still fighting for their rights to be restored. Among those nations whose sovereign trust status was terminated was the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma\u2013the contemporary descendents of the Illinois Confederation\u2013in 1959. It took Peorias nearly twenty years of hard work to re-secure recognition, and in 1978 the Tribe was reinstated. <\/span><b>Relocation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attempted to remove Native people \u2013 especially young adults \u2013 from their communities. It tried to end Native peoples\u2019 sense of identity and belonging to their communities. Many people relocated through the federal program, and many others relocated on their own because of the need for work. Native people came together in their new environments in cities to support one another and build new communities. They retained their cultural identities through urban organizations and by maintaining their connections to their reservations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"45\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>Resource alert!<\/strong> <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can learn more about Relocation in this National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/education\/lessons\/indian-relocation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guide<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other organizations have also opened in the decades since <\/span><b>relocation. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, the St. Kateri Center opened in 1982, and the American Indian Association of Illinois opened in 2007. These places and other have provided specific support for education or health (you can learn more about education in Module 5), as well as community gatherings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, Native organizations in Chicago continue to support the community. They provide social services, educational programming, cultural activities, and political advocacy for people within and beyond the Native community. Many of Chicago Native organizations work together through the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chicagoaicc.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago American Indian Community Collaborative (CAICC)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. CAICC is a <\/span><b>coalition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of organizations in Chicago that serve the Native community. Recently, the advocacy of people in organizations like CAICC has led to changes in state legislation. House Bill 1633 now requires schools to teach Native American history. Senate Bill 1446 now affirms the right for Native American students to wear religious and culturally significant <\/span><b>regalia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources<\/span><\/i><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixico, Donald. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945-1960. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LaGrande, James B. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago, 1945-75. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LaPier, Rosalyn R. and David R.M. Beck, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">City Indian: Native American Activism in Chicago, 1893-1934. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Miller, Doug. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indians on the Move: Native American Mobility and Urbanization in the Twentieth Century. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019).<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Steps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9956\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: We invite you to use the components of the Indigenous Chicago curriculum that best align with the needs of your classroom. The following suggested steps can be modified as needed, and we invite you to use the teacher\u2019s history brief to inspire new exercises that best meet the needs of your students. Please note that we suggest shortening, rather than modifying, the language of historical sources to best reflect the original source\u2019s context, intention, and voice.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Note: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might want to use one of the following resources as you work through the sources below:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-written-document-intermediate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAnalyze a Written Document\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-video-intermediate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAnalyze a Video\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-photograph-intermediate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAnalyze a Photograph\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Manuscripts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Manuscripts<\/span><\/a><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Primary_Sources.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Motion_Pictures.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Motion Pictures<\/span><\/a><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide for\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Photographs_and_Prints.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Photographs and Prints<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. First, let\u2019s focus on the legislation of <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Review the information in the Background section above. If you want, you can read the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/STATUTE-70\/pdf\/STATUTE-70-Pg986.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">text of the law<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> itself.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. To prepare for the primary sources you\u2019re about to look at, create a chart like the one below (adapted from Nokes, 2022, p. 130):<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Source number<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What should I know about the source and its maker? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(HIPP: historical context, intended audience, purpose, perspective\/point of view)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What does the source tell me? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(summary)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>How does the source compare to the information in other sources?<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>3. Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> brought people from dozens of Native nations to the Chicago area in search of work and job training.\u00a0 Explore the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Relocation-to-Chicago-working-draft-1-jl7MRhYcSkGww9AEuCQDCHC?loc=50.43,-114.29,4.17z&amp;share=1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relocation Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which shows the many communities from which people came to Chicago and surrounding suburbs.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you surprised by how far some people traveled to come to Chicago? Why or why not?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What trends (if any) do you notice in the map?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. The federal government\u2019s advertisements for <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were full of promises about what Chicago might be like. To get a sense of the ads, watch this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ayer_mms_bia_relocation_box_004\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">promotional film<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bureau of Indian Affairs (Source 1). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We suggest watching from 0:00 to 5:18.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you think the federal government wanted people to believe about relocation?<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why might you be skeptical about the federal government\u2019s claims in the video?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Listen to this 20-minute <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wbez.org\/curious-city\/2024\/05\/23\/uptown-was-once-a-vibrant-hub-for-chicagos-native-american-community\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WBEZ Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">story<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Kadin Mills, a journalist of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwe <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">descent (Source 2). As you listen, keep track of:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What led to Indigenous people relocating to Chicago?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What experiences did they have once they arrived in Chicago? How does this compare to the government\u2019s video\u2019s promises?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How did Indigenous people find each other? And how did they support each other in Chicago? (What did they create?)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>Alongside the WBEZ report, explore the Uptown Native Community walking tour on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">website<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It will help you understand the growth of the Chicago Native community.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Support for relocatees was never enough. People struggled to find adequate housing and consistent work, which made it hard to feed their families. Some moved back home or to other cities in search of work. Urban resource centers soon opened to help meet the community\u2019s needs. Father Peter J. Powell founded the St. Augustine\u2019s Center in 1961 to offer social services to American Indian relocatees in Chicago. It provided casework and supportive services for the city\u2019s Native American community from 1961 to 2006. Take a look at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OIXXf5Jy1iwIZtdU70h2SN0cmacc84N6MCCGg4Faoqg\/edit?usp=sharing\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">this letter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Father Powell (Source 3, also printed at the end of this document).<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does Father Powell\u2019s letter reveal about whether the federal government followed through on the promises that the BIA video represented?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What problems were facing the Chicago Native community in 1962?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What did Father Powell see as the Church\u2019s role in supporting the Native community?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. Many of those that stayed began to create services for health, education, and cultural connection, among other needs. This group (Source 4) photo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from the Chicago<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/59405\/rec\/21\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Indian Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows some of the core leaders active in the Chicago Native community just after <\/span><b>Relocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ben Bearskin (Ho-Chunk), a member of the Chicago Native community, took this photograph around 1960.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-469\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/nby_eeayer_59405_full-1-scaled-e1724788603557-1024x791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/nby_eeayer_59405_full-1-scaled-e1724788603557-1024x791.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/nby_eeayer_59405_full-1-scaled-e1724788603557-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/nby_eeayer_59405_full-1-scaled-e1724788603557-768x593.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/nby_eeayer_59405_full-1-scaled-e1724788603557-1536x1186.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/nby_eeayer_59405_full-1-scaled-e1724788603557.jpg 1685w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1683\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Bearskin-photo-back-232x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Bearskin-photo-back-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Bearskin-photo-back.png 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you notice about this photograph?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What might this photograph tell us about how Native people pulled together to create resources for the Chicago Native community in the 1960s?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. Now, let\u2019s jump ahead three decades to the 1980s. By <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1983, this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1s03MOHLJJFs5D1UCPQFQ6800tzFhlxcj\/view?usp=sharing\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago American Indian community service directory<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows a breadth of community services (Source 5). This is now three decades into the development of the contemporary Chicago Native community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What kinds of services do you notice in the directory?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do these later services connect with or differ from those that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do these sources tell us about the investment of the community in building and maintaining resources?<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among the many important community resources that people brought to Chicago were powwows. Look at the<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> two powwow photographs below (Source 6). On the left is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/59375\/rec\/3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chauncina Whitehorse (Rosebud Lakota) and her granddaughter at a special honor powwow for Lee Whitehorse<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Southern Arapaho)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. On the right is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/59380\/rec\/3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lana King at the 1985 American Indian Center Annual powwow<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where she was Miss Indian Chicago. These photos are from Joe Kazumura and were taken between 1981 and 1985.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Powwows are intertribal social events. They started in the 1920s and 1930s and built on older dance and music traditions from tribes in the Plains. Powwows spread across the country in the 1940s-1960s. By the 1960s, they had a common format with common dance and song styles. They also include specials and songs specific to the local community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Powwows helped the Chicago Native community build a sense of shared identity in the 20th century. When urban community members came together, they shared songs, dances, and food. The community programs they created taught children and youth how to dance and make their regalia (dancing clothes). [NOTE: Regalia is a specific type of cultural clothing, it should never be called a \u201ccostume\u201d or a \u201ctraditional garb.\u201d]\u00a0 Powwow has long been a form of entertainment as well as a way of teaching cultural values, sharing histories, and building connections within and between communities. As the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aicchicago.org\/69th-annual-chicago-powwow\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago American Indian Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> notes, \u201c<\/span><b>Powwow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the time for American Indian people to meet and join together in dancing and singing, while renewing old friendships and making new ones. Additionally, powwows provide opportunities to renew thoughts of the \u2018old ways\u2019 and preserve a rich heritage. Finally, <\/span><b>powwows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> offer a chance for friends and families of all cultures to take part of the experience.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike ceremonies, <\/span><b>powwows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are social events and are often open to the public. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago\u2019s American Indian Center has the nation\u2019s oldest <\/span><b>intertribal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powwow, which has been held each year since 1953!\u00a0<\/span><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1687\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1687\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1687 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-1024x724.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"566\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-1024x724.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM.png 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1687\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">L: Chauncina Whitehorse and her granddaughter at a special honor powwow for Lee Whitehorse<br \/>R: Lana King as Miss Indian Chicago at the 1985 American Indian Center Annual powwow.<br \/>Joe Kazumura photographs, Seeing Indian in Chicago exhibition records, Newberry Library<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do the two photographs above show people coming together across generations?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might they reveal the importance of powwow as a way of gathering in the Chicago Native community?<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does the presence of powwow as a community support reveal about the importance of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">joy <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">connection <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in sustaining communities? (For an example of a recent powwow, see Lac du Flambeau artist Michelle Reed\u2019s video of a 2023 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mreeddesigns\/video\/7315845012791577887\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jingle dress special<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the Chicago American Indian Center).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10. Summing it up! Now that you\u2019ve gone through all of the sources, reflect on what it means for a person or a community to experience dislocation or relocation. Based on what you\u2019ve observed, create a diagram of the needs someone might have when relocating to a new place (things like shelter, food, connection to other people, financial stability, entertainment\/arts, healthcare, etc.). Then, using that same diagram or another one, link those needs with the specific ways the Chicago Native community came together to build community during and after Relocation. <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9957\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9957\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 1: Bureau of Indian Affairs, \u201cChicago Story\u201d short film, 1968<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9957\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9957\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is the federal office that oversees federal laws and policies about American Indian and Alaska Native people in the United States. In the 1960s when this film was made, that would have included the relocation of Native people to cities under the Indian relocation act. The BIA is based in Washington D.C. in the Department of the Interior, but there was also a BIA Relocation Office in Chicago in the 1960s and 1970s.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This 1968 film promoted the BIA\u2019s relocation program. The film came out twelve years after the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/STATUTE-70\/pdf\/STATUTE-70-Pg986.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian relocation act<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of 1956. The film is 20 minutes long, and we recommend viewing the first approximately five minutes. To view the film, click <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ayer_mms_bia_relocation_box_004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ayer_mms_bia_relocation_box_004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1698 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/BIA-Film-Still-1024x774.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/BIA-Film-Still-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/BIA-Film-Still-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/BIA-Film-Still-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/BIA-Film-Still.png 1392w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Bureau of Indian Affairs, \u201cChicago Story,\u201d 1968. Ayer Modern Manuscripts BIA Relocation Collection, Newberry Library. <\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9958\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9958\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 2: \u201cUptown was once a vibrant hub for Chicago\u2019s Native American community,\u201d a 2024 WBEZ report from Ojibwe reporter Kadin Mills<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9958\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9958\"><figure id=\"attachment_1699\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1699\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1699 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Kadin-Mills-300x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Kadin-Mills-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Kadin-Mills-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Kadin-Mills-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Kadin-Mills-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Kadin-Mills.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1699\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kadin Mills<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kadin Mills is a reporter. He is a descendant of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of Lake Superior Ojibwe. Mills has a degree in journalism from Northwestern University\u2019s Medill School of Journalism. He created this 20-minute story for WBEZ Chicago. We suggest you listen to the story in full. To listen to the story, click <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wbez.org\/curious-city\/2024\/05\/23\/uptown-was-once-a-vibrant-hub-for-chicagos-native-american-community\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wbez.org\/curious-city\/2024\/05\/23\/uptown-was-once-a-vibrant-hub-for-chicagos-native-american-community\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1700 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Uptown-Mills-Headline-1024x807.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Uptown-Mills-Headline-1024x807.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Uptown-Mills-Headline-300x236.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Uptown-Mills-Headline-768x605.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Uptown-Mills-Headline-1536x1211.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Uptown-Mills-Headline.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Mills, Kadin. \u201cUptown was Once a Vibrant Hub for Chicago\u2019s Native American Community.\u201d May 29, 2024. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WBEZ Chicago<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. wbez.org.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9959\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9959\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 3: Letter from Father Peter J. Powell to Bishop Gerald Francis Burrill, 1963<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9959\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9959\"><figure id=\"attachment_1701\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1701\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1701 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9911519276605867_ayer_modern_ms_cabanban_box_00001_fl_00032_001_000025-1024x697.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9911519276605867_ayer_modern_ms_cabanban_box_00001_fl_00032_001_000025-1024x697.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9911519276605867_ayer_modern_ms_cabanban_box_00001_fl_00032_001_000025-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9911519276605867_ayer_modern_ms_cabanban_box_00001_fl_00032_001_000025-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9911519276605867_ayer_modern_ms_cabanban_box_00001_fl_00032_001_000025-1536x1046.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/9911519276605867_ayer_modern_ms_cabanban_box_00001_fl_00032_001_000025.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1701\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Father Peter Powell (center with sunglasses) taking part in the American Indian Center&#8217;s Chicago Canoe Club in the 1960s. Photo by Orlando Cabanban.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Father Peter Powell was an Episcopal priest who worked in the Chicago Native community for more than 60 years. In 1961, he moved to Chicago and founded the St. Augustine Center for American Indians, which provided support services to Native people. Many of the people who came to St. Augustine had moved to the city under Relocation. By the time St. Augustine closed in 2006, it had served three generations and over 6,000 Native community members. Father Powell was also a scholar of Plains Indigenous history. He had a long standing relationship with Cheyenne people and focused much of his research on their history. His 1982 book, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People of the Sacred Mountain, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">won the National Book Award in History.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excerpt from the Letter from Father Powell to the Right Reverence Gerald Francis Burrill, D.D., Bishop of Chicago and the Right Reverend Daniel Corrigan, D.D., Director of the Home Missions Department, National Council of the Episcopal Church, Re: 1962 Annual Report: Reverend Peter John Powell, Director of Indian Work, Diocese of Chicago, February 13, 1963<\/span><\/h5><p><b>Right Reverend Fathers,<\/b><\/p><p><b>In the following pages you will read what we have, by God\u2019s good grace, accomplished during 1962. First, however, we would ask that you consider with us that we would stress in our overall program for 1963.<\/b><\/p><p><b>As a whole, American Indians desire self-sufficiency. In most cases, this is shown in their desire to hold intact and to develop the lands they hold so dear. Even here in Chicago, the majority of our Indian citizens look forward to returning \u2018home\u2019 &#8212; that is, to the reservations. They say, \u2018Father, we want to stay here long enough for our children to get a decent education; then we\u2019re going home.\u2019 Or, \u2018We\u2019re just going to stay long enough to make money so we can develop the land we have back home.\u2019 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, for instance, the Wisconsin Winnebagoes were finally able to clear title to their former homeland lands in Wisconsin and to incorporate under the Wheeler-Howard Arct (sic). Among the leaders in this move to keep Winnebago lands intact were members of the tribe dwelling here in Chicago. To the urban-dwelling Indians, land and the self-sufficiency of their tribal communities continued to remain infinitely important. <\/span><b>Our experience indicates that the identity of city-dwelling Indians with their lands and home communities continues to be strong, even after some years of residency in an urban environment. However, there is also every indication that the number of Indians coming to the city will continue to increase, as it has during the past ten years.<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is important, then, that the Church continue her traditional role of encouraging Indians to be self-sufficient leaders as both Indians and Americans. Bishop Hare began this, as far back as the 1870\u2019s. In the 1960\u2019s, the continual identification of the Church with the cause of Indian self-determination.<\/span><b> At St. Augustine\u2019s Center we have been able to assist, in the Church\u2019s name, many hundred Indian families and individuals during 1962. It is obvious that we must continue to do so; for the majority of families and individuals seeking assistance desire it so they can \u2018get back on their feet\u2019, until jobs can be obtained and the first pay check arrives. Indians in Chicago want jobs &#8212; not Welfare assistance. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Welfare Department figures prove that the number of First Americans obtaining such aid is negligable (sic).<\/span><\/p><p><b>However, there still remains the problem of steady employment.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Our national policy in Indian education has vacillated from Administration to Administration &#8212; as has been true of other areas of Federal policies affecting the First Americans. Thus, <\/span><b>at least 50 percent of our people in Chicago have not been able to obtain sufficient education to enable them to work in the skilled trades. For those coming to the city under the Indian Bureau\u2019s vocational training program, assistance is available in obtaining training in a number of jobs. For the greater number of Indians in this city, however, this federal assistance has not been available. As yet, the Indian Bureau\u2019s vocational training program has not [as] a whole been broadened to include Indians who have come to the city on their own initiative.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This educational deficiency leads our people in a vicious cycle. As they lack education, they must work in the unskilled trades. The unskilled trades are seriously affected by the job lay-offs occurring between November and March. After they have lost their jobs, in most cases they are ineligable (sic) to receive Welfare assistance, for they do not meet the year\u2019s residency requirement. Most of them do not desire Welfare anyway. Thus, the responsibility for assisting them in their desire for self-sufficiency really falls on the Church\u2019s shoulders. These are the families we see each day at St. Augustine\u2019s Center.<\/span><\/p><p><b>It is obvious, therefore, that one of our major points of emphasis should be on encouraging Indians in this desire to be self-reliant. One way in which we can do this is through the development of a special type of scholarship fund. As time has gone on, scholarships for college studies have become increasingly available through the Tribal Councils and through Church and other private organizations, as well as through the Indian Bureau. In 1950, for instance, approximately 500 Indians were in college. In 1963, it is closer to 5,000.<\/b><\/p><p><b>However, for an Indian who has come to Chicago on his own, and who cannot think in terms of a college education because of age, lack of earlier education, family responsibilities, ect. (sic), a scholarship fund is needed.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It would assist the individual in obtaining further training in the skilled trades at one of the vocational schools, training which would enable the individual to work in future employment that would be less affected by the continual lay-offs in the unskilled trades.<\/span><b> Such additional education in the skilled areas would be an invaluable aid to encouraging Indian self-sufficiency. It would also guarantee future Indian leadership &#8212; both in the city and on the reservation.<\/b><\/p><p><b>With an individual gift of $500 and another individual gift of $100 we have established such a scholarship fund. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the beginning of what we pray will be a fund adequate to furnish scholarship aid for many Indians who could hold their heads high in caring for their own families and people in the years ahead. <\/span><b>We would commend this project to your Excellencys\u2019 special prayers and beg your blessing upon it.<\/b><\/p><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Father Peter J. Powell to Right Reverence Gerald Francis Burrill, D.D., Bishop of Chicago and the Right Reverend Daniel Corrigan, D.D., Director of the Home Missions Department, National Council of the Episcopal Church, Re: 1962 Annual Report, February 13, 1963. Father Peter J. Powell Papers, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-99510\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-99510\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 4: American Indian Center group photograph from the Ben Bearskin photographs, 1960<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-99510\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-99510\"><figure id=\"attachment_1702\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1702\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1702\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Ben-Bearskin-e1725655501986-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Ben-Bearskin-e1725655501986-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Ben-Bearskin-e1725655501986-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Ben-Bearskin-e1725655501986.png 424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1702\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Bearskin<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ben Bearskin (Ho-Chunk) was a Chicago Native community member who lived in Chicago for most of his life. Bearskin was active in the American Indian Center, the Chicago Drum singing group, and the Chicago American Indian Camera Club. As part of his interest in photography, Bearskin was one of 6 photographers featured in a 1985 exhibition at the Newberry Library called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seeing Indian in Chicago. Seeing Indian<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was a collaboration between the Newberry and Native community members. The project aimed to document Native life in Chicago between the late 1950s to the mid-1980s. The project was part of the larger Chicago American Indian Photography Project, which collected the work of the same 6 photographers.<\/span><\/p><p><b>For a higher resolution image, click <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/59405\/rec\/21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>here<\/b><\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1703\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1703\" style=\"width: 1500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1703\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.46.11-PM-300x144.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"718\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.46.11-PM-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.46.11-PM-1024x490.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.46.11-PM-768x368.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.46.11-PM-1536x735.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.46.11-PM-2048x981.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1703\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source citation: American Indian Center group photograph. Photograph by Ben Bearskin, 1960. Box 1, Folder 16, Seeing Indian in Chicago Exhibition Records, Newberry Library.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-99511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-99511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 5: The Chicago American Indian community service directory, published by NAES College in 1983<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-99511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-99511\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NAES College\u2019s Community Board Training Project created this service directory in 1983. NAES College opened in 1974. It was the first Native-controlled college or university in Chicago. You can read more about NAES\u2019s history <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/naes.info\/history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can read the service directory <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1s03MOHLJJFs5D1UCPQFQ6800tzFhlxcj\/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. We suggest you examine the table of contents and the foreword first. You can then use the remaining pages, which highlight specific organizations, to answer the questions listed in the exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1s03MOHLJJFs5D1UCPQFQ6800tzFhlxcj\/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1704 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/AIC-Service-Directory-e1725655945744.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"781\" height=\"1066\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/AIC-Service-Directory-e1725655945744.png 781w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/AIC-Service-Directory-e1725655945744-220x300.png 220w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/AIC-Service-Directory-e1725655945744-750x1024.png 750w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/AIC-Service-Directory-e1725655945744-768x1048.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: \u201cAmerican Indian Community Service Directory.\u201d (Chicago: Native American Educational Services (NAES) College, 1983). Box 17, Folder 2, Virgil Vogel Papers, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-99512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-99512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 6: Two powwow photographs from the Joe Kazumura photographs, 1981-1985<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-99512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-99512\"><figure id=\"attachment_1705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1705\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1705 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Joe-Kazumura-e1725656113906-300x297.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Joe-Kazumura-e1725656113906-300x297.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Joe-Kazumura-e1725656113906-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Joe-Kazumura-e1725656113906.png 421w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Kazumura<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joe Kazumura was a non-Native photographer from California. His family was from Japan, and in World War II, he was forced into a Japanese internment camp. He came to Chicago after being released from the camp in 1946, and became interested in photography after receiving a camera for his birthday in 1959. He lived near the American Indian Center in Chicago and frequently attended events there. Kazumura became close with many of the Center\u2019s staff and volunteers and took photos at many of the Center\u2019s events.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1687\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1687\" style=\"width: 1500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1687\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-300x212.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1060\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-1024x724.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-06-at-3.29.47-PM.png 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1687\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">L: Chauncina Whitehorse and her granddaughter at a special honor powwow for Lee Whitehorse<br \/>R: Lana King as Miss Indian Chicago at the 1985 American Indian Center Annual powwow.<br \/>Joe Kazumura photographs, Seeing Indian in Chicago exhibition records, Newberry Library<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citations: Chauncina Whitehorse and her granddaughter. Photograph by Joe Kazumura, Box 3, Folder 47, Seeing Indian in Chicago Exhibition Records, Newberry Library; Lana King at the 1985 American Indian Center Annual Powwow. Photograph by Joe Kazumura, Box 3, Folder 52, Seeing Indian in Chicago Exhibition Records, Newberry Library.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6a5d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6a6a5d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7893708 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7893708\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c7330 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"91c7330\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755b9cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"755b9cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Downloadable Documents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a243e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a243e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everything in this module will be available to download as Word documents. Coming soon!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How have Indigenous people in Chicago supported one another during and since Relocation?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1698,"parent":405,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1405","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Question 2 - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-3\/question-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Question 2 - 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