{"id":1292,"date":"2024-09-04T20:23:50","date_gmt":"2024-09-04T20:23:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=1292"},"modified":"2024-10-11T20:03:16","modified_gmt":"2024-10-11T20:03:16","slug":"question-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-2\/question-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Question 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1292\" class=\"elementor elementor-1292\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b65460 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b65460\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed77d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"9ed77d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ca80d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0ca80d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af65bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7af65bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Module 2 Supporting Question 3: <br><br>How did treaties reshape the physical and political landscapes in the Chicago region?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787c741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"787c741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1261\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1261\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Learning Objectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1261\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1261\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of this exercise, I can\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assess the importance of waterways in the regional balance of power<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">compare Indigenous and settler approaches to technology<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evaluate the impact of treaty changes on humans, lands, waters, plants, and animals<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1262\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1262\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Topical\/Time Period Focus<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1262\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1262\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exercise directly relates to:<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Land purchases from American Indian Nations (1795-1830s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian Removal Act (1830s)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span>This exercise could also be paired with teaching about:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Innovations with technology, agriculture, and business (1816-1830s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Trail of Tears. Connect to removal in the Midwest. (1830s-1860s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andrew Johnson and the Constitution. Connect to removal in the Midwest (1830s-1860s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">California Gold Rush. Connect to the exploitation of the land and resources as tied to the dispossession of Native people (1795-1830s)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1263\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1263\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Illinois Learning Standards<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1263\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1263\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.G.6. Analyze and explain how humans affect and interact with the environment and vice versa.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.G.7. Evaluate how political and economic decisions have influenced cultural and environmental characteristics of various places and regions<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.G.9.Explain how landscape, land and resource use, and means of interacting with land, animals, and plants each reflect cultural beliefs and identities.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.1. Evaluate the context of time and place as well as structural factors that influence historical developments.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.3. Evaluate the methods used to promote change and the effects and outcomes of these methods on diverse groups of people.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.13. Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of events in the past.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1264\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1264\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1264\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1264\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Vocabulary\u00a0<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Pronunciation<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Definition<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>biodiversity (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>bai\u00b7ow\u00b7duh\u00b7<b>vur<\/b>\u00b7suh\u00b7tee<\/p><\/td><td><p>having abundant life from a range of species in a specific ecosystem<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>capitalism (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>ka<\/b>\u00b7puh\u00b7tuh\u00b7li\u00b7zm<\/p><\/td><td><p>in <i>capitalist economies<\/i>, certain private individuals and businesses control the processes for making and selling goods to ensure their own profit while other groups of people are expected to be laborers and consumers; trends in supply and demand set prices and availability of goods\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>in <i>settler capitalism <\/i>specifically, <b>settlers <\/b>take collectively held <b>Indigenous<\/b> lands and impose a system of private property; <b>settlers<\/b> control the rules of owning, keeping, and selling property to ensure their own benefit while <b>Indigenous<\/b> people and other marginalized communities are expected to be laborers and consumers\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>cede (v.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>seed<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p>give up; within the context of treaties, <i>ceded <\/i>lands are those exchanged for good and services, while <i>unceded <\/i>lands are lands that were never given up<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>colonialism (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>kuh\u00b7<b>low<\/b>\u00b7nee\u00b7uh\u00b7li\u00b7zm<\/p><\/td><td><p>when one group of people invades another group of people, steals their natural resources, and controls their politics, social life, and economics<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>diplomacy (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>duh\u00b7<b>plow<\/b>\u00b7muh\u00b7see<\/p><\/td><td><p>interactions to build strong relationships between separate governments<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>dispossess (v.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>dis\u00b7puh\u00b7<b>zehs<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p>take something away from someone\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>inherent (adj.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>ihn\u00b7<b>heh<\/b>\u00b7ruhnt<\/p><\/td><td><p>an essential characteristic that belongs to a person, living being, group, etc. on their own (not because of outside forces; just because it is there and theirs)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>portage (v.\/n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>por<\/b>\u00b7tuhj<\/p><\/td><td><p>carrying a boat (usually a canoe) between two waterways; also, a place or route where you carry the boat<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>relationships (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>reh\u00b7<b>lay<\/b>\u00b7shuhn\u00b7shihps<\/p><\/td><td><p>a connection between two or more people, living beings, groups, places, ideas, etc.; people who are in relationships have certain commitments to those they\u2019re in relationship with\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>removed (v. or adj.)<\/p><\/td><td><p>ruh\u00b7<b>moovd<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p>taken away; in the context of Native history, <i>removed <\/i>often refers to Native peoples who were forced to leave their homelands<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>settlers v. Indigenous people (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>seh<\/b>\u00b7tuh\u00b7lrz \/\/ ihn\u00b7<b>di<\/b>\u00b7juh\u00b7nuhs <b>pee<\/b>\u00b7pl<\/p><\/td><td><p>Indigenous peoples\u2019 origin stories connect them to a place since before human memory; settlers arrive in a place to set up their own societies (even though other people already live there)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i>Note that Native and Indigenous mean similar things. You will see them used to mean the same thing in this exercise.\u00a0<\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>sovereign (adj.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>saa<\/b>\u00b7vr\u00b7uhn<\/p><\/td><td><p>the right of a political community to govern itself and engage in agreements with other governments<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>tactics (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>tak<\/b>\u00b7tihks<\/p><\/td><td><p>verbal or physical actions to meet a certain goal<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>treaties (n.)<\/p><\/td><td><p><b>tree<\/b>\u00b7teez<\/p><\/td><td><p>a formal, binding, and permanent agreement between two or more national governments\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1265\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1265\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Background<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1265\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1265\"><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaties and Removal\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native nations have <\/span><b>inherent<\/b> <b>sovereignty. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that their right to govern themselves and their people is essential and predates the United States. In fact, for the founders of the United States to create a new country, they needed Native nations to recognize them as a real government. <\/span><b>Treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are only signed between official governments for nations. When Native nations signed <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the United States, they affirmed that it was a new country with a right to exist. In fact, before the 19th century, most Native communities in the Midwest signed treaties from a position of power &#8211; the United States needed permission to trade and travel across the landscape. Likewise, when the United States signed <\/span><b>treaties <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with Native nations, it affirmed that Native peoples were <\/span><b>sovereign<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> foreign governments. It needed <\/span><b>diplomatic <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relationships with Native nations.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>myth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people lacked boundaries before <\/span><b>colonialism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Indigenous people had long-standing ways of recognizing territorial boundaries between Native nations for governing, hunting, farming, and other needs. The <\/span><b>treaties <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that outlined how Native nations shared or divided space were not one-time papers. Instead, these <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were rules for <\/span><b>relationships <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that needed to be renewed on a regular basis. This helped to make sure that the agreements still met everyone\u2019s needs and that everyone knew what they were agreeing to. For <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people before colonization, treaty-making was a way of ensuring sustainable, healthy, peaceful coexistence through relationships and respect.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> handled legal agreements and <\/span><b>diplomacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> differently. Americans inherited ideas from European legal traditions that prioritized individually held property. This property could be owned, transferred, and modified. These could be one-time agreements, purchases, or transfers and did not require relationships beyond the single transaction. Even though <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were newcomers on <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lands, they chose to import their existing ideas about land. They chose not to recognize <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> laws as valid.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saw lands as able to be exchanged based on financial value, but Indigenous people did not see lands as interchangeable. The difference in these two approaches meant that Indigenous people and Europeans\/Americans did not have the same expectations going into treaty talks. For example, Native nations had long made agreements about land use between themselves. These agreements did not mean a permanent loss of land, but rather clear expectations about who would use the land, when, and in what ways. On the contrary, <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saw the <\/span><b>treaties <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as permanent land transfers. Some early treaties still gave Native people the right to live, hunt, and fish on <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land, but most later treaties aimed to keep Native people out of the <\/span><b>ceded <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lands. This difference in expectations led to more conflicts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American leaders who wanted Indigenous land in the Midwest believed that it was \u201cdestined\u201d for the United States to expand West. They thought that Native people did not deserve the land they had because they were not Christian. American leaders believed that these lands had been given to the United States by God. This would later be called \u201cmanifest destiny.\u201d These beliefs influenced the <\/span><b>tactics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that US officials used to secure land upon entering into treaty talks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most treaty negotiations in the 19th century took place within the larger context of settler violence. American settlers were consistently invading Native land and Native people in turn worked to defend their homelands. The U.S. government often used this violence to force<\/span><b> treaty negotiations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, then used lies, threats, fraud, and alcohol to force Indigenous people to sign agreements. U.S. negotiators aggressively pursued signatures. Sometimes, they presented the agreement as more beneficial to Native people than it actually was. This meant that Native nations did not always have good information about what they were signing. While there were certainly also problems with translations (on purpose and accidental), Native people had long negotiated across language barriers for diplomacy and trade. It\u2019s too simple to say they did not know what they were signing. Instead, they most often made difficult decisions to keep their communities safe and protect future generations. You can read more about the specific <\/span><b>tactics <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. negotiators used in SQ 2.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty-making was supposed to set firm borders for where Euro-Americans would settle, but <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> regularly ignored <\/span><b>treaty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> boundaries. More <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">meant more conflict and fewer available resources, which pressured Native nations to <\/span><b>cede<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> more land. Many Native leaders signed treaties because they believed that peace might be found in the lands that the <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> promised. In the <\/span><b>treaty <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">talks, Americans promised to permanently set aside lands for Native people where they would have enough food and be free from arriving <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Native leaders who accepted this trade believed it offered the best possible futures for future generations of their people. This demonstrates how Native leaders had to make difficult decisions during treaty talks. They had to take care of their communities at the time, and they also had to think about the needs of future generations. In spite of being forced to leave, Indigenous people who were <\/span><b>removed <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have never given up their relationships with their homelands.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A summary of important <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Chicago area include:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1795 Treaty of Greenville: This treaty ended a conflict known as the Northwest Indian War. Under this treaty, the Wyandot, Lenni-Lenape (Delaware), Shawnee, Odawak , Ojibweg, Potawatomi, Myaamiaki, Eel River, Wea, Kickapoo, Piankashaw, and Kaskaskia <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> six-miles around the mouth of the Chicago River, along with small parcels of land in present-day Indiana and Michigan and large tracts of land in present-day Ohio. In exchange, the U.S. government promised $20,000 in supplies right away and $9,500 in supplies every year after. The U.S. also promised cash payments ranging from $500-$1000 per tribe. Under the treaty, Native people retained the right to hunt, plant, and live on the <\/span><b>ceded <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">land. They also retained the right to move freely through the <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lands and waters.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1804 Treaty of St. Louis: This treaty does not <\/span><b>cede<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land in Chicago, but it does <\/span><b>cede<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> significant portions of present-day Illinois. Signed by the Sauk and Meskwaki, the treaty exchanges land between the Fox and Illinois Rivers on the east and the Mississippi River on the west, as far north as present-day southern Wisconsin and as far south as present-day Missouri. In exchange, the U.S. government promised $1000 in supplies annually.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1816 Treaty of St. Louis: In this treaty, the Odawak, Ojibweg, and Potawatomi <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a twenty mile wide strip on the western boundary of Lake Michigan, ten miles north and ten miles south of the Chicago River, as well as a strip of land extending to the Fox River. This established the Indian Boundary Line. In exchange, the U.S. government promised $1000 worth in supplies each year for twelve years. Native people also retained the right to hunt and fish on the <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lands.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1821 Treaty of Chicago: This treaty is named the Treaty of Chicago because treaty negotiations took place there, but it didn\u2019t actually <\/span><b>cede <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">land in Chicago. Under the treaty, the Odawak, Ojibweg, and Potawatomi <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land in present-day southwest Michigan. In exchange, the U.S. government promised the Odawa people a $1,000 annual payment and to pay a blacksmith, teacher, and agricultural instructor for the Odawa community for ten years. They promised the Potawatomi people $5,000 each year for twenty years and to pay for a blacksmith and a teacher for the community for 15 years. Native people also retained the right to hunt and fish on the <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lands.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien: Under this treaty, the Odawak, Ojibweg, and Potawatomi <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land between the Rock River and Lake Michigan north of the boundary line \u2013 mostly what is now Evanston and Wilmette. In exchange, the U.S. government promised $16,000 annually, $12,000 in supplies, 50 barrels of salt, and permanent use of a blacksmith at Chicago. Native people also retained the right to hunt on the <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land. This treaty reserved land for 15 individuals, including (Billy Caldwell) (present-day Sauganaush and Edgebrook neighborhoods), Shab-eh-nay (DeKalb County), and Chee-Chee-pin-quay (Alexander Robinson) (present-day Norridge and Schiller Woods neighborhoods), and Archange Ouilmette (present-day parts of Wilmette and Evanston).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1832 Treaty of Tippecanoe: This treaty was one of three signed by Potawatomi negotiators in October of 1832 at Tippecanoe. It <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land in southern Chicago between the southern border of the 1816 treaty and what is now from the Illinois\/Indiana state line. In exchange, the U.S. government promised a $15,000 payment each year for twenty years and $85,000 in supplies. A total of $1,400 was also paid to about two dozen people, and leaders Sauganaush (Billy Caldwell), Chee-Chee-pin-quay (Alexander Robinson), and Pierre Le Clerc were also given annual payments. This treaty also set aside land for nearly two dozen Native individuals.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1833 Treaty of Chicago: This treaty with representatives of the Ojibweg, Odawak, and Potawatomi <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land north of the 1829 treaty boundary extending into what is now southern Wisconsin. It resulted in a massive <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Native people out of the state in several forced marches west across the Mississippi. In exchange, the U.S. promised $14,000 annually for twenty years; $100,000 in supplies; $150,000 for houses, blacksmith shops, and agricultural improvements; $70,000 for education; and $150,000 for debt payments (merchants regularly claimed that Native people owed them huge debts as a way to get land). The treaty also included individual payments to Sauganaush (Billy Caldwell), Chee-Chee-pin-quay (Alexander Robinson), and Shab-eh-nay (among other leaders).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The end of treaties in this region resulted in the <\/span><b>removal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of Indigenous people who the U.S. thought had lost rights to their lands through the treaties. Under <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the U.S. pressured, threatened, and even physically forced Indigenous people to leave and move further west.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the Neshnab\u00e9k in the Chicago region, <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> began two years after the Treaty of 1833. Unlike previous treaties that had allowed continued Indigenous people to stay, hunt, and fish in the region, this treaty said that the Neshnab\u00e9k had to move west of the Mississippi. In August of 1835, the U.S. told about 5,000 Neshnab\u00e9 people to report to the Chicago Indian Agency. They were to collect the annual payment promised in the treaty and begin their long <\/span><b>removal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">west across the Mississippi. Even though they were led by Indigenous leaders Sauganaush (Billy Caldwell) and Padekosh\u0113k, their removal was carefully monitored by U.S. officials. In 1836, 1,700 additional Potawatomi people, including those led by Shab-eh-nay and Waubensee, also began the difficult journey west.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Removal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was devastating. It meant losing consistent access to the food, medicines, places, homes, and sometimes people that had made them who they were. The idea of <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the Neshnab\u00e9k was so painful that 800 Neshnab\u00e9 men held a mourning procession at the Chicago River (in what is now downtown) to grieve their homelands before they left.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In spite of <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Neshnab\u00e9 people have never given up their claims to and connections with these lands. Neither have the other Native people who were pushed out of the Chicago region before them for various reasons. In 2024, the Prairie Band of Potawatomi reclaimed 130 of the 1,280 acres in DeKalb County granted to Potawatomi leader Shab-eh-nay in the Treaty of 1829. These lands had been from the Potawatomi people after <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the early 1900s, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi also made (but lost) a legal claim to recover lands in Chicago. The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma considers some land in Illinois <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/myaamia-maps-miamioh.hub.arcgis.com\/apps\/1577260a2a6d4a239bdae81789cc4114\/explore\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unceded<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because the U.S. negotiated with a tribe who did not have the sole right to sign. These claims reflect ongoing Indigenous connections to land here by Native nations who were <\/span><b>removed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hundreds of miles away and from Indigenous people who live in the city today.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Transformation of Chicago\u2019s Waterways\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chicago landscape made it a welcoming area for people, plants, animals, birds, and insects to live. The marshes and oak savannas had lots of animals, birds, fish, and plants to eat. It\u2019s also a unique ecosystem, since it provides a transition between the Great Plains and the forests around the Great Lakes. The landscape also made transportation convenient. The waterways and <\/span><b>portages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> connect Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes to the Illinois River, the Mississippi River, and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. Chicago\u2019s location and its abundant food sources have made it a desirable place to live, trade, and gather (for more on this, see the Convergence module!).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the first settlers that arrived here in the late 17th century, settlers thought about changing the Chicago waterways. They wanted it to be easier to remove natural resources to send back to Europe. They also wanted the land to be easier to travel using European-style boats so that they could travel faster to trade and spread Christianity. For example, early Jesuits wanted to build a canal between the Chicago and DesPlaines Rivers so that they could get to the Mississippi River more easily. They thought it would help them travel faster and reach more Indigenous communities. They were unsuccessful. Chicago was still a Native-controlled area, and Native people successfully protected their lands and communities from settler control.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Americans, like the British and French before them, set their sights on taking control of Chicago. Unlike their predecessors, they prioritized taking control of the waterways. Their initial surveys of the region focused on the strategic location of the mouth of the Chicago River, the possibility to create a harbor, and the potential construction of a canal. Americans used early treaty negotiations in the region to take control of these water routes. This shifted the balance of power in the region significantly.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous people had managed the lands and waters of Chicago to ensure balanced, sustainable ecosystems, but settlers changed the land to support <\/span><b>capitalism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They spent significant time, money, and labor at the beginning of the 19th century to change the land. This was a national movement. Technological developments in the United States (like the steamboat in 1809), the expansion of the U.S. Patent Office, settlers\u2019 excitement around innovation, and a belief that humans should dominate over nature all shaped the mindsets that led to major ecological changes in Chicago.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking at the rivers and marshes is helpful: Before colonization, the calm, shallow water between the Chicago river\u2019s sandbar and the shore provided an ideal habitat for many types of plants and fish. These wetlands were unique ecosystems with a lot of <\/span><b>biodiversity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Along with the rivers, these wetlands were important habitats for plants and animals that Indigenous people relied on, especially wild rice and fur-bearing aquatic mammals like beaver and otter. They were also important breeding grounds for fish.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both the mouth of the Chicago River and the <\/span><b>portage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were ideally suited for canoes since they were shallow, even during the wet seasons, and were protected from big waves by the harbor. But since larger American ships could not navigate these shallow waters, U.S. officials decided to change them. Beginning in 1816, American officials rebuilt Fort Dearborn (it was burned down in 1812). Officials started surveying the lands <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the 1816 Treaty two years later. By 1822, Congress gave permission to create a canal along the existing <\/span><b>portage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> route. U.S. officials broke ground on the Illinois-Michigan Canal in 1836. They also started planning to modify the river and harbor to fit larger ships. Congress gave money to change the harbor in 1828 and 1831, and construction began in 1833. <\/span><b>Settlers\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> excitement around these engineering projects brought even more American settlers and land speculators to Chicago. Many of these new arrivals complained about the wetlands and marshes because it was difficult to build on them. To make the land more desirable for buyers, U.S. officials began draining marshes along Lake Michigan starting in 1832. Chicago ultimately destroyed 367,485 acres of wetlands to build the city.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The timelines and violences of the forced <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Indigenous peoples and these environmental changes parallel each other. This is not a coincidence. Changing the land for <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> required <\/span><b>dispossessing<\/b> <b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> peoples. Later, <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would repeat similar patterns of attempting to remove Native people from land that held rich natural resources, such as following the discovery of gold in the Black Hills and in California.<\/span><\/p><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Benton, Lauren and Benjamin Straumann, &#8220;Acquiring Empire by Law: From Roman Doctrine to Early Modern European Practice.&#8221; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Law and History Review. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28 (1). (February 2010): 1\u201338.<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bowes, John P. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Land Too Good for Indians: Northern Indian Removal. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Low, John. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imprints: The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians and the City of Chicago. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2016).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, \u201cMyaamia Treaty Cessions,\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aacimwahkionkonci<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mc.miamioh.edu.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nelson, John William. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muddy Ground: Native Peoples, Chicago\u2019s Portage, and the Transformation of a Continent. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prairie Band of Potawatomi, \u201cShab-eh-nay Reservation: Frequently Asked Questions,\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pbpindiantribe.com.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. \u201cLooking after Gdoo-Naaganinaa: Precolonial Nishnaabeg Diplomatic and Treaty Relationships.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wicaso Sa Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 23, no. 2 (2008): 29\u201342.<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wilkins, David E. and Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Indian Politics and the American Political System. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4th ed. (Lanham, MA: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2017).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1266\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1266\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Steps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1266\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1266\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers:<\/strong> We invite you to use the components of the Indigenous Chicago curriculum that best align with the needs of your classroom. The following suggested steps can be modified as needed, and we invite you to use the teacher\u2019s history brief to inspire new exercises that best meet the needs of your students. Please note that we suggest shortening, rather than modifying, the language of historical sources to best reflect the original source\u2019s context, intention, and voice.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might want to use one of the following resources as you work through the sources below:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Maps.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Maps<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Primary_Sources.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Review the information in the Background section above. What political and ecological changes do you expect to see because of the treaties?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. We\u2019re going to focus on the political and ecological impacts of the 1795, 1816, and 1833 treaties for the Chicago area. To prepare for the primary sources you\u2019re about to look at, create a chart like the one below (adapted from Nokes, 2022, p. 130):<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Source number<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What should I know about the source and its maker? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(HIPP: historical context, intended audience, purpose, perspective\/point of view)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>What does the source tell me? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(summary)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>How does the source compare to the information in other sources?<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Let\u2019s start by looking at the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Chicago-Treaty-Map-I7TKoJcaQpyBgCJuz5CKKC?loc=41.685,-87.262,6.87z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago Treaty Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Select \u201cShow only this feature\u201d for the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. (Your image should look like this screenshot.)<\/span><\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1298 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IC-Treaty-Map-CloseUp-1024x797.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"623\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IC-Treaty-Map-CloseUp-1024x797.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IC-Treaty-Map-CloseUp-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IC-Treaty-Map-CloseUp-768x598.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IC-Treaty-Map-CloseUp.png 1066w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1795 is the beginning of the U.S. treaty making period for Chicago, the Treaty of Greenville can help us understand the balance of power for early U.S. treaties. How much of the territory in this region remained primarily controlled by Indigenous people? (Tip! This is all land *not* shaded as being part of the treaty.)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Then, turn to Source 1, Articles V-VII of the 1795 Treaty of Greenville (also printed later with more context).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Articles V-VII (5-7), what does the United States commit to in exchange for the land?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What guarantees do Articles V-VII make to Native people?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look back at the Background section (or, if you have time, read the whole <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=uc1.31210003349790&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=47\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">treaty<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). In exchange for access to these lands, the U.S. promised each of these nations $20,000 worth of goods up front and $9,500 worth of goods each year after that. They also promised additional cash payments ranging from $500-$1000 per tribe. Using an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.officialdata.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">online inflation calculator<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, estimate how much this would be worth today. What does this tell you about how much the United States wanted these lands and waters?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. Since Native people politically controlled this region in the 1790s, the U.S. treaty negotiators had to respect Indigenous practices and expectations. Note at Article VII does <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">not <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mean that the U.S. was giving over land to Native people. Instead, this early treaty was an agreement for mutual use. Re-read Articles V-VII with this in mind.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might the U.S. commitments reflect Indigenous demands during treaty making?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does this tell you about what the U.S. needed to do to secure the treaty?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe the balance of power in the region at this time. How do you anticipate this will shape future treaties? If power dynamics changed, how might that impact future negotiations?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Settlers did not uphold the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. Over twenty years later, many settlers were moving into Indigenous lands illegally. How do you think Native leaders reacted? Why might this have led to Indigenous leaders agreeing to another treaty council?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6. Now, let\u2019s look at Source 2, an Official Survey of the boundaries of lands <\/span><b>ceded <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to the United States under the Treaty of St. Louis (also printed with more context).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1299 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-1024x420.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-1024x420.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-1536x630.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which major waterways do you see on the map?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do the waterways connect Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River? Trace how it flows from Lake Michigan to the mouth of the Chicago River\/\u201cChicago Creek,\u201d across the portage to the Des Plaines River, into the Illinois River, through a series of smaller rivers, and all the way to the Mississippi River on the far left side of the map.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1300 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated-1024x417.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated-1024x417.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated-768x313.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated-1536x626.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify the survey lines that show the outline of the Treaty of St. Louis (these are the long lines with distance markers on them &#8211; you can see the outline of the Treaty boundaries on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Chicago-Treaty-Map-I7TKoJcaQpyBgCJuz5CKKC?loc=41.685,-87.262,6.87z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago Treaty Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, pictured here). Trace the shape of the survey lines. Where are they compared to the waterways? So far, why do you anticipate the U.S. would have wanted this area of land and these waterways?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1301 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated2-1024x417.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated2-1024x417.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated2-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated2-768x313.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated2-1536x626.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-annotated2.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Chains and links are units of measurement used by surveyors. Look closely at the writing along the long horizontal line. It reads: \u201cFrom Southern extremity of Lake Michigan to Mississippi River 160 miles 75 Chains 50 Links \u201d and \u201cFrom Southern extremity of Lake Michigan to Illinois 39 miles 45 chains\u201d and \u201cto Fox River 67 miles 4 chains.\u201d Based on these details and what you already know, now why do you think the U.S. wanted this land? How would controlling this waterway have been strategic for U.S. authorities?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look back at the details of this treaty in the Background section. How did <\/span><b>settlers\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> goal of building a canal impact the treaty negotiations? How did Neshnab\u00e9 leaders respond to this goal?\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1302\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-close-up.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"861\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-close-up.png 894w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-close-up-279x300.png 279w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-close-up-768x826.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis, the United States promised the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi nations $1000 worth of goods each year for twelve years. This promise would be worth nearly $270,000 in 2024 dollars. The U.S. also promised that settlers would respect Native peoples\u2019 hunting and fishing rights. The Treaty of St. Louis came at a time when Native people were hungry and vulnerable. Why might the U.S. have been willing to pay this price for these lands? Why might Native people have agreed?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we look ahead, how might shifting control of this waterway into U.S. hands impact the political balance of power in this region?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7. The 1816 Treaty allowed Americans to begin making changes to local waterways like the Chicago River. Based on the Background section and Source 3 (this 1830 drawing of the river, also included further down in the accordion), how would you describe the Chicago River <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">before <\/span><\/i><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> changed it?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1188\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1188\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1188 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-1024x763.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-1536x1144.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-2048x1526.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1188\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Howard, W., F. Harrison, and John A. Wills. \u201cMap of the Mouth, Chicago River Illinois with the Plan of the Proposed Piers for Improving the Harbour \/ Drawn by F. Harrison Junr. Assist. Civil Engineer\u202f; Feby. 24th 1830, Wm. Howard, U.S. Civil Agt.\u201d 1830, Print. Newberry Library<\/figcaption><\/figure><div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How fast was it? How deep was it? How straight was it?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What kind of transportation do you think would best fit a river like this?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. Indigenous people and <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">each had their own <\/span><b>technologies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for navigation. Below, take a look at the canoe on the left and the steamship on the right. Which might be better for a relatively shallow and curvy waterway? Think back to what you know about <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> relationships with lands and waters. How did Indigenous engineers work <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the landscape to design their boats?<\/span><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_2851\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2851\" style=\"width: 1911px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2851 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M2S3-Step-8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1911\" height=\"662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M2S3-Step-8.png 1911w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M2S3-Step-8-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M2S3-Step-8-1024x355.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M2S3-Step-8-768x266.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M2S3-Step-8-1536x532.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1911px) 100vw, 1911px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2851\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: &#8220;Gathering wild rice&#8221; by Seth Eastman, 1853. Newberry Library. Right: Steamboats and other American shipping vessels at the Rush Street Bridge, 1883. The New Chicago Album, Newberry Library.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9. Look at the 1830 map again (Source 3). Notice its language about \u201cimproving\u201d the harbor. Americans thought good use of the land meant making changes to it. Within <\/span><b>capitalism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, settlers believed \u201cimprovements\u201d would maximize efficiency and profit. They decided the river needed to be deeper and straighter to fit their steamships.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might Americans have seen changing the river as a sign of \u201cimprovement\u201d and technological advancement?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does this approach to technology (humans change the land to match their technology) contrast with Indigenous approaches to technology (humans develop technology to match the land) for boat design?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does this tell you about <\/span><b>settlers\u2019 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><b> Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> peoples\u2019 different perspectives on the water? You might add these distinctions to your comparisons from the first part of this module!<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> attempts to change the river failed as Lake Michigan\u2019s winds and waves filled in settlers\u2019 ditches. What might you infer about whether the waterways wanted to be changed?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10. American engineers eventually succeeded in making the river deeper and straighter (nearly 70 years later, they also reversed the river\u2019s flow).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How might this change have impacted the health and life of the plants, aquatic animals and insects, birds that eat the aquatic animals and insects, and people who relied on the previous version of the river?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the river, Chicago city workers also drained marshlands to \u201cimprove\u201d the land. To build along Lake Michigan, they destroyed 367,485 acres of wetlands. How might this change have impacted the health and life of the plants, animals, and people who relied on marshes for food, shelter, and supplies?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wetland destruction and the changes to the river were only possible because of political changes after the treaties. What do the changes to the environment tell you about the impact of Indigenous dispossession for people, animals, plants, lands, and waters?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11. Just three years after Chicago engineers drew up their 1830 design map,\u00a0 the 1833 Treaty of Chicago ended treaty negotiations in the region. The Treaty of Chicago set the stage for the mass <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Indigenous peoples in Illinois.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You may have heard of the Cherokee Trail of Tears, but did you know there were dozens of removal routes that went through or close to Chicago? Look at the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Removal-Map-DPZXNYBRQZiBDy6lus28sA?loc=40.966,-90.255,6.39z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago Removal Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It shows the routes of Indigenous removal in this region from 1833 to 1863. How many routes do you see? How many groups of people were <\/span><b>removed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you look at the map, journal your initial reactions. What does it mean for thousands of people to have been removed from their homelands?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"45\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>Follow the National Museum of the American Indian\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/americanindian.si.edu\/nk360\/removal-six-nations\/potawatomi\/treaty.cshtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cPotawatomi Nation Case Study\u201d <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to understand the impact of removal on one nation in the Chicago area.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12. Summing it up! The US tended to see Indigenous lands as interchangeable, but Indigenous peoples who were <\/span><b>removed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lost consistent access to the lands and waters that had given them food, medicine, technologies, beauty, and a sense of home for generations. The <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> routes were devastating, both psychologically and physically. Many people died or got sick along the way. Even though hunting and fishing rights were guaranteed in the treaties, the long distances of <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> prevented many Indigenous people from returning to exercise their rights. New <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> settlements in the places they were <\/span><b>removed <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from prevented hunting and fishing. American deforestation, destruction of the wetlands, and rerouting of the river also permanently changed what fishing and hunting was possible in the area.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking back, how did the treaties of Greenville, St. Louis, and Chicago lead to political and ecological changes in Chicago? Create a list of these changes. Take your list and create a cause-and-effect visualization (or essay) that shows the relationships between 1) treaties, 2) resulting political changes, 3) removal, and the 4) physical remaking of the waterways and marshes in the Chicago area. The templates below are two possible options.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>Option 1:<\/h4><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1305 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.15-PM-1024x564.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.15-PM-1024x564.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.15-PM-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.15-PM-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.15-PM.png 1410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><h4>Option 2:<\/h4><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1306 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.25-PM-1024x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.25-PM-1024x677.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.25-PM-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.25-PM-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2024-09-04-at-3.27.25-PM.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1267\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1267\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 1: Articles V through VII of the 1795 Treaty of Greenville<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1267\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1267\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Available in full <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=uc1.31210003349790&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=50\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the time of the 1795 Treaty, the Native nations who signed the treaty held significant political power in the region. This included the Wyandot, Lenni-Lenape (Delaware), Shawnee, Odawak, Ojibweg, Potawatomi, Myaamiaki, Eel River, Wea, Kickapoo, Peeyankih\u0161ia (Piankashaw), and Kaskaskia nations. The 1795 treaty was meant to restore peaceful relationships between the U.S. and the tribes after a period of war in the region. This is clear in the treaty\u2019s opening lines.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This treaty concerns six-square-miles at the mouth of the Chicago river. It also impacts sections of land in what are currently Indiana and Ohio.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remember that Indigenous and American ideas about treaty making were not necessarily the same. Indigenous people had long-standing practices of diplomacy for shared land use rather than for an exclusive complete transfer.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Excerpts of the 1795 Treaty of Greenville<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article V: To prevent any misunderstanding about the Indian lands relinquished \u2026 it is now explicitly declared that the meaning of that relinquishment is this: The Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to enjoy them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon so long as they please, without any molestation from the United States; but when those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any part of them,\u00a0 they are to be sold only to the United States; and until such sale, the United States will protect all the said Indian tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and against all other white persons who intrude upon the same. And the said Indian tribes again acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the said United States and no other power whatever.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article VI: If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person or persons, shall presume to settle upon the lands now relinquished by the United States, such citizen or other person shall be out of the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe, on whose land the settlement shall be made, may drive off the settler or punish him in such manner as they shall think fit; and because such settlements made without the consent of the United States, will he injurious to them as well as to the Indians, the United States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove and punish the settlers as they shall think proper, and so effect that protection of the Indian lands herein before stipulated.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article VII: The said tribes of Indians, parties to this treaty, shall be at liberty\u00a0 to hunt within the territory and lands which they have now ceded to the United states, without hindrance or molestation, so long as them demean themselves peaceably, and offer no injury to the people of the United States.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Wandat (Wyandotte), Lenni-Lenape (Delaware), Shawnee, Odawak, Ojibweg, Potawatomi, Myaamiaki, Eel River, Wea, Kickapoo, Peeyankih\u0161ia (Piankashaw), and Kaskaskia nations and the U.S., <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty with the Wyandot, etc, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greenville, 1795, National Archives and Records Administration. <\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1268\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1268\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 2: 1816 Official survey of the boundaries of the Indian lands ceded to the United States by the Treaty of St. Louis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1268\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1268\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Survey maps note land boundaries and distinctive land features. This land survey was drawn over twenty years after the Treaty of Greenville and just four years after the War of 1812. By this time, settlers were eager to take control of the waterway that made Chicago so valuable &#8211; the Chicago portage and the route between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. This map outlines the boundaries of the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis (the straight lines that extend from the lake) and highlights how central that waterway was for Americans at the treaty negotiations. The map shows distances between the lake and various points on the map, which reflects how important transit would be for planning infrastructure projects on regional waterways.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1299 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-1024x420.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-1024x420.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map-1536x630.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Treaty-of-St.-Louis-Map.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><h6><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: John. C. Sullivan, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1816 Official survey of the boundaries of the Indian lands ceded to the United States by the Treaty of St. Louis, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Newberry Library. <\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1269\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1269\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 192 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 3: 1830 Map of the Mouth of the Chicago River Illinois with the Plan of the Proposed Piers for Improving the Harbour, by F. Harrison, Junior Assistant Civil Engineer,\u202fand William Howard, U.S. Civil Agent<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1269\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1269\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A higher resolution version of the image is available<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSSBXMLK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and a version of the map with the text printed is available <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/asset\/map-of-the-mouth-of-the-chicago-river-f-harrison-jr\/PAG-nNC52kTRmQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Civil Agent is someone who works for the federal, state, or local government, and civil engineers help plan and oversee the construction and maintenance of infrastructure projects (like buildings and roadways). Given Harrison\u2019s and Howard\u2019s connection to civil engineering, we can assume that they likely worked for the state and created this map as part of their duties.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1188\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1188\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.newberry.org\/asset-management\/2KXJ8ZSSBXMLK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1188 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-1024x763.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-1536x1144.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Graff-1800-Vault-Map-of-the-mouth-of-the-Chicago-River-Illinois_o2-2048x1526.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1188\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Howard, W., F. Harrison, and John A. Wills. \u201cMap of the Mouth, Chicago River Illinois with the Plan of the Proposed Piers for Improving the Harbour \/ Drawn by F. Harrison Junr. Assist. Civil Engineer\u202f; Feby. 24th 1830, Wm. Howard, U.S. Civil Agt.\u201d 1830, Print. Newberry Library<\/figcaption><\/figure><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Howard, William and F. Harrison. \u201cMap of the mouth Chicago River Illinois with a plan of the proposed piers for improving the harbor,\u201d February 24, 1830. Everett D. Graff Collection, Newberry Library. <\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a68cd19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a68cd19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f2bd57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1f2bd57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bba8eaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bba8eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Downloadable Documents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98c1b74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"98c1b74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everything in this module will be available to download as Word documents. Coming soon!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How did treaties reshape the physical and political landscapes in the Chicago region?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1304,"parent":918,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1292","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-2\/question-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How did treaties reshape the physical and political landscapes in the Chicago region?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-2\/question-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Indigenous Chicago\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-11T20:03:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/case_f548_37_n49_1883_23_o2-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1699\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"31 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/\",\"name\":\"Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/case_f548_37_n49_1883_23_o2-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-09-04T20:23:50+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-11T20:03:16+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/curriculum\\\/module-2\\\/question-3\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/case_f548_37_n49_1883_23_o2-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/test.newberry.org\\\/indigenous-chicago\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/case_f548_37_n49_1883_23_o2-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1699,\"caption\":\"Steamboats and other American shipping vessels at the Rush St. Bridge, 1883. 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