{"id":1092,"date":"2024-09-03T22:57:08","date_gmt":"2024-09-03T22:57:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=1092"},"modified":"2024-09-19T20:11:46","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T20:11:46","slug":"question-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-1\/question-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Question 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1092\" class=\"elementor elementor-1092\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d239451 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d239451\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af668ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"af668ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8b57b4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e8b57b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5734770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5734770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Module 1 Supporting Question 3: <br><br>How do Indigenous relationships to land in Chicago persist today?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44c749f elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"44c749f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Learning Objectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7211\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of this exercise, I can\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">summarize how Shab-eh-nay\u2019s reservation was created, lost, and restored<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">describe strategies that Native nations are using to restore access to their homelands<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imagine Indigenous relationships with their homelands in the future<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Topical\/Time Period focus:<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7212\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exercise directly relates to:<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Land purchases from American Indian Nations (1820s-1840s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Challenges of the 21st century<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Illinois Learning Standards<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7213\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.G.5. Analyze different ways of representing geographic information in order to compare cartographers&#8217; perspectives, biases, and goals.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.5. Analyze the factors and historical context, including overarching movements, that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.10. Identify and analyze ways in which marginalized communities are represented in historical sources and seek out sources created by historically oppressed peoples.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.14. Analyze the geographic and cultural forces that have resulted in conflict and cooperation. Identify the cause and effects of imperialism and colonization.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7214\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Vocabulary\u00a0<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Pronunciation<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Definition<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cede (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>seed<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">give up; within the context of treaties, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ceded <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lands are those exchanged for good and services, while <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unceded <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lands are lands that were never given up<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">colonialism (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kuh\u00b7<\/span><b>low<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7nee\u00b7uh\u00b7li\u00b7zm<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when one group of people invades another group of people, steals their natural resources, and controls their politics, social life, and economics<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">creation or origin story<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kree\u00b7<\/span><b>ay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn or <\/span><b>aw<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ruh\u00b7jn <\/span><b>stoh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ree<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a narrative about the origins of one group of people in a particular place<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">diplomacy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">duh\u00b7<\/span><b>plow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7muh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">interactions to build strong relationships between separate governments<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fraudulent<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>fraa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7juh\u00b7luhnt<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">occurring through lies or deceit<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">homelands<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>hohm<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7landz<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the lands and waters of a particular people since time immemorial<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">inherent (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ihn\u00b7<\/span><b>heh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ruhnt<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an essential characteristic that belongs to a person, living being, group, etc. on their own (not because of outside forces; just because it is there and theirs)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kinship (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>kin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shihp<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">family relationships; sharing a sense of connectedness<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">myth (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>mith<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a commonly believed story that is not actually true<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">narrative<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>neh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ruh\u00b7tiv<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a story<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">portage (v.\/n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>por<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tuhj<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">carrying a boat (usually a canoe) between two waterways; also, a place or route where you carry the boat<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protocols (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>proh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tuh\u00b7kaalz<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rules or expectations for how to act in a certain situation\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relationality (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reh\u00b7<\/span><b>lay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shuhn\u00b7al\u00b7it\u00b7ee<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the connectedness between two or more people, living beings, groups, places, ideas, etc.; people who are in relationships have certain commitments to those they\u2019re in relationship with; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relationality<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> implies treating others with care<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">removal (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ruh\u00b7<\/span><b>moov<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7uhl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">taken away; in the context of Native history, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removal <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">refers to the forced separation of Native people from their homelands<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">settlers v. Indigenous people (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>seh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tuh\u00b7lrz \/\/ ihn\u00b7<\/span><b>di<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7juh\u00b7nuhs <\/span><b>pee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7pl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous peoples\u2019 origin stories connect them to a place since before human memory; settlers arrive in a place to set up their own societies (even though other people already live there)<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note that Native and Indigenous mean similar things. You will see them used to mean the same thing in this exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereign (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>saa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7vr\u00b7uhn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereign <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">refers to having <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sovereignty<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is the authority of a political community to govern itself and engage in agreements with other government<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">steward (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>stoo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7urd<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thoughtfully take care of a place or item\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tactics (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>tak<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tihks<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">verbal or physical actions to meet a certain goal<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">treaty (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>tree<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tee<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a formal, binding, and permanent agreement between two or more national governments\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Background<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7215\"><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous values<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native people have been in the Chicago region since <\/span><b>time immemorial<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; a phrase that means before human memory, or the beginning of time. Each of the Native nations that has a historical connection to Chicago has their own unique <\/span><b>creation or origin story<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that tells them how they came to be. These stories describe Native peoples\u2019 relationships to their homelands and outline relationships between people, as well as plant and animal relatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native peoples\u2019 teachings testify to their origins here in North America \u2013 this is what it means to be <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. One way Indigenous peoples narrate their connections to lands and waters is through story. In Indigenous contexts, stories are not <\/span><b>myths<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or legends \u2013 rather, they are complex teaching tools that tell the listener how to live sustainably with each other and with lands and waters. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> stories link Native peoples to their <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and teach about each nation\u2019s <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with and <\/span><b>responsibilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to their lands and waters. Rather than seeing humans as better than plants and animals, these stories narrate all living beings as <\/span><b>interdependent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> stories contain information about ecology and ethnobotany, medicine, language, arts, history, and politics, among others. They also teach us about <\/span><b>civics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 how we should treat one another to build sustainable, balanced, interrelated societies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> values for land include <\/span><b>reciprocal relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Indigenous peoples\u2019 languages, religions or spiritual teachings, technologies, medicines, and foods come from their relationships with certain lands. This means that for <\/span><b>Indigenous <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people, lands can\u2019t be exchanged. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> peoples maintain deep relationships with their homelands, whether they live there now or not. Indigenous people see the value of the land as <\/span><b>inherent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: all life has value just for being alive. They also recognize that lands, waters, plants, and animals have their own rights, perspectives, and desires. In contrast, settler laws value land based on the presence of resources that can meet human wants. Settler systems see the land as <\/span><b>inanimate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which means it cannot have its own perspectives or desires.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> laws prioritize the health and well-being of humans, lands, waters, animals, and plants. Indigenous values of generosity and care have shaped Indigenous approaches to land, government, and <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for millenia. Indigenous people have long welcomed newcomers into their existing <\/span><b>kinship <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">networks. This is both because of cultural practices of continually building new relationships and because of the new opportunities to learn, trade, and build <\/span><b>diplomatic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> connections.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Established Native Place<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the city as we know it existed, many Indigenous nations had long standing relationships with this place. Indigenous names for this place include <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiwkwebthegen.com\/dictionary-word\/zhegagoynak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zhegagoynak<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Gaa-zhigaagwanzhikaag, Zhigaagong, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mc.miamioh.edu\/ilda-myaamia\/dictionary\/entries\/3728\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160ikaakonki<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Shek\u00e2k\u00f4heki, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.menominee.edu\/tmcs\/the-menominee-clans-story\/place-names-pronunciation-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sek\u0101koh<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.hochunk.org\/#\/L\/g%C5%B3%C5%B3%C5%A1ge%20hon%C4%85k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0173\u0173\u0161ge hon\u0105k<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, among others.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native people throughout the Great Lakes and Inohkinki (the Illinois Country) have long established kinship networks and protocols for <\/span><b>relationality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As early <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> moved through the region \u2013 which Potawatomi, Ojibwe, and Odawa people know as Neshnab\u00e9waki \u2013 they depended on Native people for directions and safe passage. Native people educated <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on appropriate behaviors for greetings, gift exchange, and communicating intentions. They also introduced <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the other Native nations with whom they had long-established and peaceable relations. <\/span><b>Narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about colonization often say early European <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dominated Native people easily, but this isn\u2019t true. For at least one hundred years, <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> depended on Native people\u2019s <\/span><b>hospitality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>generosity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and guidance.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> networks became increasingly important as conflicts between Indigenous nations that were exacerbated by colonial changes spread across the Great Lakes throughout the 17th and 18th century (see more on this below). In these moments, Native nations built relationships with people as either <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.potawatomidictionary.com\/Dictionary\/Word\/5196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ndenw\u00e9magen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (relatives in the Potawatomi language, pronounced nih\u00b7dihn\u00b7way\u00b7<\/span><b>mah<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7gehn) or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.potawatomidictionary.com\/Dictionary\/Word\/9329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">myeg yegwan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (foreigners, pronounced mee\u00b7<\/span><b>yehg<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7yeh\u00b7gwun). Acting as a good relative was essential for <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to survive and trade, so many formed close bonds with Native people, including by marrying into Native families.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaties\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native nations have <\/span><b>inherent<\/b> <b>sovereignty. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that their right to govern themselves and their people is essential and predates the United States. In fact, for the founders of the United States to create a new country, they needed Native nations to recognize them as a real government. <\/span><b>Treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are only signed between official governments for nations. When Native nations signed <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the United States, they affirmed that it was a new country with a right to exist. Likewise, when the United States signed <\/span><b>treaties <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with Native nations, it affirmed that Native peoples were <\/span><b>sovereign<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> foreign governments. It needed <\/span><b>diplomatic <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relationships with Native nations.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>myth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people lacked boundaries before <\/span><b>colonialism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Indigenous people had long-standing ways of recognizing territorial boundaries between Native nations. This meant that only allies of the people who controlled a territory could live in, or pass through the territory for governing, hunting, farming, and other needs. Because Native nations were distinct groups, they had clear <\/span><b>protocols<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for welcoming other tribal nations &#8211; outsiders and foreigners &#8211; to live and trade on their lands. When Europeans arrived, they were just another new group. The <\/span><b>treaties <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that outlined how Native nations shared or divided space were not one-time papers. Instead, these <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were rules for <\/span><b>relationships <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that needed to be renewed on a regular basis. This helped to make sure that the agreements still met everyone\u2019s needs and that everyone knew what they were agreeing to. For <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people before colonization, treaty-making was a way of ensuring sustainable, healthy, peaceful coexistence through relationships and respect.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> handled legal agreements and <\/span><b>diplomacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> differently. Americans inherited ideas from European legal traditions that prioritized individually held property. This property could be owned, transferred, and modified. These could be one-time agreements, purchases, or transfers and did not require relationships beyond the single transaction. Even though <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were newcomers on <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lands, they chose to import their existing ideas about land. They chose not to recognize <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> laws as valid.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saw lands as able to be exchanged based on financial value, but Indigenous people did not see lands as interchangeable. The difference in these two approaches meant that Indigenous people and Europeans\/Americans did not have the same expectations going into treaty talks. For example, Native nations had long made agreements about land use between themselves. These agreements did not mean a permanent loss of land, but rather clear expectations about who would use the land, when, and in what ways. On the contrary, <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> saw the <\/span><b>treaties <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as permanent land transfers. Some early treaties still gave Native people the right to live, hunt, and fish on <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land, but most later treaties aimed to keep Native people out of the <\/span><b>ceded <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lands. This difference in expectations led to more conflicts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>treaty <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">negotiations, US negotiators often used lies, threats, fraud, and alcohol to force Indigenous people to sign agreements. U.S. negotiators aggressively pursued signatures. Sometimes, they presented the agreement as more beneficial to Native people than it actually was. This meant that Native nations did not always have good information about what they were signing. You can read more about the specific <\/span><b>tactics <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. negotiators used in <a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-2\/question-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Module 2 &#8211; SQ 2<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the United States expanded, they gained possession of Native land through treaties and by force. This means that in the United States (and in what is known as Chicago), there is both land that was <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by treaties and <\/span><b>unceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land that was taken by force. Other land within the United States (and in Illinois) remains under the control of tribal nations. Native people were also losing their lands to individual <\/span><b>settlers.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Starting with the Indian Non-Intercourse Act of 1834, any sales of Native lands had to be authorized by Congress. This meant that Native people and Native nations could not sell their lands to individual <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or other purchasers without federal approval by Congress.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Land restoration<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the U.S. negotiated the 1829, 1832, and 1833 treaties, they reserved parcels of land for several Native individuals, some of whom helped negotiate the treaties. These Native people and their communities were allowed to remain on these <\/span><b>unceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> parcels of land, and many did. The 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien reserved 1,280 acres of land for Potawatomi leader Shab-eh-nay and his descendants in what is currently DeKalb County. Shab-eh-nay initially fought U.S. invasion and allied with Tecumseh\u2019s resistance to U.S. forces (more on this in Module 4: Activism and Resistance!). After seeing the significant violence and loss that these conflicts resulted in, Shab-eh-nay changed strategies and sought peace with the U.S. government through treaties. After the 1829 treaty, he and his family traveled between their lands here and the ones that their relatives were removed to in Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas. In 1850, they returned from one of these trips and learned that their reserved lands had been illegally auctioned off. Shab-eh-nay and his descendents fought for generations to have the land restored. In 2024, the Prairie Band of Potawatomi finally reclaimed 130 acres of the original Shab-eh-nay Reservation. As a result of this change in the land\u2019s status, Prairie Band is now the first federally recognized tribe to have a land base in Illinois. You can see both the reclaimed and unceded land on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Chicago-Treaty-Map-I7TKoJcaQpyBgCJuz5CKKC?loc=41.053,-88.609,8.41z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago Treaty Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some Native nations have mounted legal claims to restore their access to their <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> here. Earlier in the twentieth century, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi made (but lost) a formal legal claim to recover lands on the Chicago lakeshore. When the U.S. and Native nations signed the treaties for present-day Chicago, the lakeshore began at what is currently Michigan Avenue. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and other infrastructure projects, the city backfilled the land east of that original shoreline. The construction changed the shape of the shoreline, and the newly-created land was <\/span><b>unceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, meaning it was never given away under a treaty. The treaties had <\/span><b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rights to land ending at the lakeshore, but had not ceded rights to Lake Michigan, to the lakebed, or to the water of the lake. Potawatomi people continue to work to have the lakefront restored to their <\/span><b>stewardship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. You can see this part of the lakefront on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Chicago-Treaty-Map-I7TKoJcaQpyBgCJuz5CKKC?loc=41.9098,-87.5866,11z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago Treaty Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native nations look back to the original treaties as part of their <\/span><b>advocacy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to regain their homelands. This can include pointing out when supposedly fair treaties were not actually legitimate. For example, there were times when the United States wanted land but could not get the appropriate signers to agree. The U.S. treaty commissioners then often picked Native people who <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">would<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sign and claimed they were the correct person to do so. This could be a person from the same community or even from another nation! This was the case under the Treaty of 1805 Treaty of Grouseland. The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma (the Myaamia people) consider land on the eastern side of the state <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/myaamia-maps-miamioh.hub.arcgis.com\/apps\/1577260a2a6d4a239bdae81789cc4114\/explore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unceded<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for this reason. Because the treaty for these lands was signed by a tribe who did not have the right to do sign, the Miami Tribe views the treaty as <\/span><b>fraudulent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and therefore invalid.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many other nations continue to claim Illinois as within their homelands, even if they don\u2019t currently have active federal land bases there. The Menominee Nation, for example, operates the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nnigovernance.arizona.edu\/menominee-community-center-chicago\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Menominee Community Center of Chicago<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Center provides social and legal services, including voting for Menominee elections, for Menominee citizens. The Ho-Chunk Nation also operates a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ho-chunknation.com\/government\/executive-branch\/administrative\/division-of-executive-facilities\/chicago-branch-office\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Branch Office<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Like the Menominee office, it also provides social and legal services and connects urban Ho-Chunk citizens to their political representatives in the Ho-Chunk government. The presence of these urban offices both recognizes the many Ho-Chunk and Menominee people who live in Chicago today and affirms Chicago as within their homelands.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous people who currently live in Chicago are also actively involved in caring for the land and renewing traditional lifeways. For example, the Koasati and Hacha\u2019Maori artist <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/studiox.art\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SANTIAGO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> X<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has created two new effigy mounds in the city in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/studiox.art\/work#\/pokto-cinto-serpent-twin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schiller Woods<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/earthartchicago.org\/coiled-serpent-mound\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Horner Park<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a way of reminding Chicagoans of the way Indigenous peoples have built relationships with the land here since time immemorial. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tricksterculturalcenter.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trickster Cultural Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, an art gallery in Schaumburg, has also created Indigenous gardens, which they use to harvest Indigenous plant medicines and teach community members about these practices. In spite of being forced to leave these lands, Native people have remained, returned, and retained their connections to Chicago. You can learn more about current priorities and developments for the contemporary Native community in Chicago on the website of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chicagoaicc.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago American Indian Community Collaborative.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Benton, Lauren and Benjamin Straumann, &#8220;Acquiring Empire by Law: From Roman Doctrine to Early Modern European Practice.&#8221; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Law and History Review. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28 (1). (February 2010): 1\u201338.<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kimmerer, Robin Wall. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2015).<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Low, John. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imprints: The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians and the City of Chicago. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2016).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nelson, John William. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muddy Ground: Native Peoples, Chicago\u2019s Portage, and the Transformation of a Continent. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prairie Band of Potawatomi, \u201cShab-eh-nay Reservation: Frequently Asked Questions,\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pbpindiantribe.com.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. \u201cLooking after Gdoo-Naaganinaa: Precolonial Nishnaabeg Diplomatic and Treaty Relationships.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wicaso Sa Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 23, no. 2 (2008): 29\u201342.<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wilkins, David E. and Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Indian Politics and the American Political System. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4th ed. (Lanham, MA: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2017).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams, Robert A. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Witgen, Michael. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Infinity of Nations: How the Native New World Shaped Early North America. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Steps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7216\"><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/span><\/i><\/h4>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: We invite you to use the components of the Indigenous Chicago curriculum that best align with the needs of your classroom. The following suggested steps can be modified as needed, and we invite you to use the teacher\u2019s history brief to inspire new exercises that best meet the needs of your students. Please note that we suggest shortening, rather than modifying, the language of historical sources to best reflect the original source\u2019s context, intention, and voice.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might want to use one of the following resources as you work through the sources below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-written-document-intermediate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;\u201cAnalyzing a Written Document\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Manuscripts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Manuscripts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Primary_Sources.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Review the information in the Background section above. Note what the Background section shows about the Nonintercourse Act. Who could legally buy property from tribes? Who could not?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. To prepare for the primary sources you\u2019re about to look at, create a chart like the one below (adapted from Nokes, 2022, p. 130):<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><b>Source number<\/b><\/th>\n<th><b>What should I know about the source and its maker? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(HIPP: historical context, intended audience, purpose, perspective\/point of view)<\/span><\/th>\n<th><b>What does the source tell me? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(summary)<\/span><\/th>\n<th><b>How does the source compare to the information in other sources?<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Let\u2019s begin by looking back at these excerpts from Source 1, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=uc1.31210003349790&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of 1829<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Find and highlight the sections that refer to Potawatomi people and to Shab-eh-nay.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, ETC.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Prairie du Chien, in the Territory of Michigan, between the United States of America, by their Commissioners, General John McNeil, Colonel Pierre Menard, and Caleb Atwater, Esq. and the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatamie Indians, of the waters of the Illinois, Milwaukee, and Manitoouck Rivers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARTICLE I. The aforesaid nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie Indians, do hereby cede to the United States aforesaid, all the lands comprehended within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the Winnebago Village, on Rock river, forty miles from its mouth, and running thence down the Rock river, to a line which runs due west from the most southern bend of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, and with that line to the Mississippi river opposite to Rock Island; thence, up that river, to the United States\u2019 reservation at the mouth of the Ouisconsin; thence, with the south and east lines of said reservation, to the Ouisconsin river; thence southerly, passing the heads of the small streams emptying into the Mississippi, to the Rock River aforesaid, at the Winnebago Village, the place of beginning. And, also, one other tract of land described as follows, to wit: Beginning on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan, at the northeast corner of the field of Antoine Ouitmette, who lives near Gross Pointe, about twelve miles north of Chicago; thence, running due west, to the Rock River, aforesaid; thence, down the said river, to where a line drawn due west from the most southern bend of Lake Michigan crosses said river; thence, east, along said line, to the Fox River of the Illinois; thence, along the northwestern boundary line of the cession of 1816, to Lake Michigan; thence, northwardly, along the Western Shore of said Lake, to the place of beginning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARTICLE II. In consideration of the aforesaid cessions of land, the United States aforesaid agree to pay to the aforesaid nations of Indians the sum of sixteen thousand dollars, annually, forever, in specie: said sum to be paid at Chicago. And the said United States further agree to cause to be delivered to said nations of Indians, in the month of October next, twelve thousand dollars worth of goods as a present. And it is further agreed, to deliver to said Indians, at Chicago, fifty barrels of salt, annually, forever; and further, the United States agree to make permanent, for the use of the said Indians, the blacksmith\u2019s establishment at Chicago.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARTICLE III. From the cessions aforesaid, there shall be reserved, for the use of the undernamed Chiefs and their bands, the following tracts of land, viz: For Wau-pon-eh-see, five sections of land at the Grand Bois, on Fox River of the Illinois, where Shaytee\u2019s Village now stands. For Shab-eh-nay, two sections at his village near the Paw-paw Grove. For Awn-kote four sections at the village of Saw-meh-naug, on the Fox River of the Illinois.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, look at the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/map\/Chicago-Treaty-Map-I7TKoJcaQpyBgCJuz5CKKC?loc=41.98,-88.61,4z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous Chicago Treaty Map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Click \u201cshow only this\u201d for the Shab-eh-nay reservation. What do you notice about the land? Summarize what you learn in the description of Shab-eh-nay\u2019s lands on the map.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<p><iframe title=\"Felt Map\" src=\"https:\/\/felt.com\/embed\/map\/Chicago-Treaty-Map-I7TKoJcaQpyBgCJuz5CKKC?loc=42.206%2C-90.901%2C5.5z&amp;legend=1&amp;cooperativeGestures=1&amp;link=0&amp;geolocation=0&amp;zoomControls=1&amp;scaleBar=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"488\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. As you learned in the Background section, these lands were set aside for Shab-eh-nay and his descendants forever. This should have meant that Shab-eh-nay and his descendants could use the land as they wanted to. After his trips in the 1830s to visit his <\/span><b>removed <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relatives in Iowa, Shab-eh-nay decided to try to sell the land. He first tried to sell it back to the United States in 1841, but that didn\u2019t happen. Then, when Shab-eh-nay decided to sell some of the land in the 1840s to private buyers, the non-Intercourse Act made that transaction illegal. Take a look at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/33899\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source 2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a deed of conveyance between Shab-eh-nay and Ansel A. Gates. Shab-eh-nay knew Gates and had traveled with him to Washington, D.C. to advocate for Congress to approve the sale. Though it may seem surprising that Shab-eh-nay wanted to sell his land, there were likely other factors that influenced his decision: Ten years after <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, many Native communities were being placed onto smaller and smaller reservations. They were not allowed to hunt, and the rations the federal government promised were either not delivered or were delivered but of very low quality. This led to starvation in many communities. As a result, many individual Native people wanted to sell any land they had remaining to help feed their relatives.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who is the seller? Who is the purchaser?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does the deed attempt to transfer?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even though the document as you see it here is signed off on by the state of Illinois, federal law (which has more power than state law) would not have necessarily recognized the sale. What do you <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">infer <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">about the deed based on what you know about the non-Intercourse Act?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5. In 1850, the US illegally auctioned off Shab-eh-nay\u2019s land. In the decades to come, Shab-eh-nay\u2019s descendants began fighting back to restore their reservation. This fight took generations. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><br><\/p><p>6. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2024, the U.S. Department of the Interior recognized the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nations\u2019 valid claim to these lands as the rightful heirs to Shab-eh-nay\u2019s reservation. As the federal agency in charge of Indian Affairs, they took the land into <\/span><b>trust <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to hold on behalf of the Prairie Band. Read Source 3, the Prairie Band tribal chairman Joseph \u201cZeke\u201d Rupnick\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chicago.suntimes.com\/other-views\/2024\/05\/09\/prairie-band-potawotami-nation-has-reached-a-major-milestone-in-reclaiming-ancestral-land-in-illinois\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">commentary<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Sun-Times <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(reprinted at the end of this document). Rupnick is a direct descendant of Shab-eh-nay. As you read his thoughts, note:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on the op-ed, describe the Prairie Band\u2019s connections to the land in question.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How have PBPN and Shab-eh-nay\u2019s descendants worked to restore access to the land?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does the long fight and high cost tell you about Potawatomi connections to their homelands?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>7. The Prairie Band land restoration is an example of the #landback movement that you learned about in the Hook. As the Prairie Band moves ahead with their restored relationship with their homelands, they have offered information to the public about the future in Illinois. As you read Source 4, this FAQ from the Prairie Band (reprinted at the end of this document). As you read, notice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does this document tell us about the past, present, and future for Potawatomi people in what is currently DeKalb County?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the FAQ, the Prairie Band notes that \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No one understands what it feels like to lose the place you call home better than Indians. That\u2019s why Prairie Band has sought to reclaim our land free of lawsuits and in the least disruptive way possible for the current residents and homeowners.\u201d How does the Prairie Band intend to work with and take care of people currently living within Prairie Band\u2019s reservation lands? How does this reflect Indigenous values of hospitality, generosity, and care?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that you know about the outcome of the Prairie Band\u2019s work to restore their lands, what questions do you have? Where might you go to answer them?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8. As you read about in the Background section, Indigenous <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with lands, waters, and other living beings recognize <\/span><b>interdependence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and emphasize respect, <\/span><b>relationality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and mutual care.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you imagine for the futures of Indigenous people who have access to their homelands restored?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on what you know about histories of Indigenous <\/span><b>civics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, what do you imagine for the futures of non-Native people living on Indigenous lands?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do you imagine for the futures of the lands and waters themselves?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9. Summing it up! This story about the restoration of Shab-eh-nay\u2019s reservation offers an example of how Indigenous people maintain and are restoring their connections to their homelands.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking across this module and in the Background section, respond to the following questions. Journal your thoughts or represent your reflections in an art form of your choice.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do Indigenous relationships to the lands and waters of Chicago persist in the present day?&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How are Native nations working to reclaim access to their homelands and restore their relationships to them?&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do you imagine this will continue into the future?&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7217\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7217\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 1: Excerpt from the 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7217\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7217\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can read the treaty in full <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=uc1.31210003349790&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here.<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under this treaty, the Odawak, Ojibweg, and Potawatomi ceded land between the Rock River and Lake Michigan north of the Indian boundary line \u2013 mostly what is now Evanston and Wilmette in exchange for commitments from settlers to provide $16,000 annually, $12,000 worth of goods, 50 barrels of salt, and permanent use of the blacksmith at Chicago. Native people also retained the right to hunt on the land ceded. This treaty reserved some parcels of land for individual treaty signers like Sauganaush (Billy Caldwell) (present-day Sauganaush and Edgebrook neighborhoods), Shab-eh-nay, and Chee-Chee-pin-quay (Alexander Robinson), as well as individuals like Archange Ouilmette (present-day parts of Wilmette and Evanston). All together, the treaty reserved tracts for about 15 individuals.<\/span><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: United States and Odawak, Ojibweg, and Potawatomi Nations, \u201cTreaty with the Chippewa etc, 1829\u201d in Charles J. Kappler, ed. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">volume 2, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, ETC.<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Prairie du Chien, in the Territory of Michigan, between the United States of America, by their Commissioners, General John McNeil, Colonel Pierre Menard, and Caleb Atwater, Esq. and the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatamie Indians, of the waters of the Illinois, Milwaukee, and Manitoouck Rivers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARTICLE I. The aforesaid nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatamie Indians, do hereby cede to the United States aforesaid, all the lands comprehended within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the Winnebago Village, on Rock river, forty miles from its mouth, and running thence down the Rock river, to a line which runs due west from the most southern bend of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, and with that line to the Mississippi river opposite to Rock Island; thence, up that river, to the United States\u2019 reservation at the mouth of the Ouisconsin; thence, with the south and east lines of said reservation, to the Ouisconsin river; thence southerly, passing the heads of the small streams emptying into the Mississippi, to the Rock River aforesaid, at the Winnebago Village, the place of beginning. And, also, one other tract of land described as follows, to wit: Beginning on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan, at the northeast corner of the field of Antoine Ouitmette, who lives near Gross Pointe, about twelve miles north of Chicago; thence, running due west, to the Rock River, aforesaid; thence, down the said river, to where a line drawn due west from the most southern bend of Lake Michigan crosses said river; thence, east, along said line, to the Fox River of the Illinois; thence, along the northwestern boundary line of the cession of 1816, to Lake Michigan; thence, northwardly, along the Western Shore of said Lake, to the place of beginning.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARTICLE II. In consideration of the aforesaid cessions of land, the United States aforesaid agree to pay to the aforesaid nations of Indians the sum of sixteen thousand dollars, annually, forever, in specie: said sum to be paid at Chicago. And the said United States further agree to cause to be delivered to said nations of Indians, in the month of October next, twelve thousand dollars worth of goods as a present. And it is further agreed, to deliver to said Indians, at Chicago, fifty barrels of salt, annually, forever; and further, the United States agree to make permanent, for the use of the said Indians, the blacksmith\u2019s establishment at Chicago.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ARTICLE III. From the cessions aforesaid, there shall be reserved, for the use of the undernamed Chiefs and their bands, the following tracts of land, viz: For Wau-pon-eh-see, five sections of land at the Grand Bois, on Fox River of the Illinois, where Shaytee\u2019s Village now stands. For Shab-eh-nay, two sections at his village near the Paw-paw Grove. For Awn-kote four sections at the village of Saw-meh-naug, on the Fox River of the Illinois.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7218\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7218\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 2: 1845 deed of conveyance between Chief Shab-eh-nay and Ansel A. Gates<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7218\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7218\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can see all four pages of the document <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_eeayer\/id\/33895\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1096\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1096\" style=\"width: 198px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1096\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-198x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"198\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-198x300.png 198w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay.png 238w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1096\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shab-eh-nay<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shab-eh-nay was a Potawatomi leader whose village was just west of what is currently known as Chicago. Though he was born Odawa in what is currently Michigan, he traveled to present-day Illinois when he was young. He married the daughter of Potawatomi leader Spotka, who lived in a large village on the Illinois River. After Spotka died, Shab-eh-nay became a village leader. Shab-eh-nay supported Shawnee leader Tecumseh in his organized resistance against American invasion. Later, he made the difficult decision to work with American officials in treaty negotiations, and ultimately <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He thought this would give his community the best chance for survival. The U.S. government reserved land for Shab-eh-day in the 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien as thanks for his role as a treaty negotiator.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ansel Gates is one of two brothers who wanted to buy part of the land reserved for Shab-eh-nay. Shab-eh-nay wanted to sell to Gates. Since the Indian non-Intercourse act made it illegal for individual Native people to sell their land to individual settlers, Shab-eh-nay even traveled to Washington to petition Congress to allow it! Though it may seem surprising that Shab-eh-nay wanted to sell his land, there were likely other factors that influenced his decision: Ten years after <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, many Native communities were being placed onto smaller and smaller reservations. They were not allowed to hunt, and the rations the federal government promised were either not delivered or were delivered but of very low quality. This led to starvation in many communities. As a result, many individual Native people wanted to sell any land they had remaining to help feed their relatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Shabehnay and Ansel A. Gates, Deed of Sale, December 1, 1845.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note to teachers: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1097 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-indenture-640x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-indenture-640x1024.png 640w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-indenture-188x300.png 188w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-indenture-768x1229.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Shab-eh-nay-indenture.png 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p><p><b>This Indenture, made this first day of December in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-five between Ottowas &amp; Pottawatomies, for himself and his band, of the one part, and Ansel A. Gates of the county of Lee and State of Illinois of the other part,\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Witnesseth: <\/span><b>That the said Shabehnay, for himself and his band <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as aforesaid, for and<\/span><b> in consideration of the sum of twelve hundred dollars <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">current money of the United States <\/span><b>to him in hand paid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, at or before the sealing and delivery of these presents,<\/span><b> by the said Ansel A. Gates, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, HATH<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> given, granted, bargained and <\/span><b>sold<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, enfeoffed, conveyed, released, and confirmed, and by these presents DOTH give, grant, bargain and sell, enfeoff, convey, release, and confirm <\/span><b>unto the said Ansel A. Gates <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the county of Lee &amp; State of Illinois aforesaid his heirs and assigns forever, <\/span><b>all that tract or parcel of land of six hundred and forty (640) acres<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, situate, lying and being <\/span><b>in the county of DeKalb &amp; State of Illinois <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Known as section twenty three in Township Thirtyeight North Range third east third Pacific Meridian, <\/span><b>as appears by the Records of the General Land Office, being one of the two sections reserved to the said Shabehnay and his band by the Treaty made at Prairie du Chien between the United States and the Chippewa, Ottawa &amp; Pottawatomy Indians, on the 29th day of July in the year of 1829, in words as follows, to wit: \u201cThere shall be reserved for the use of the undernamed Chiefs and their bands the following tracts of land, to wit for Shabehnay two sections at his village near the Pawpaw Grove,\u201d as by reference to the third article of the Treaty aforesaid will more fully appear.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Together with the buildings, improvements, rights, privileges, appurtenances and other hereditaments to the same belonging, or in any manner appertaining, and the remainders, reversions, rents, issues, and profits thereof, and all the right, title and estate of him, the said Shabehnay and his band in and to the same. TO HAVE AND HOLD the said described piece of ground and premises, with the appurtenances unto him, the said Ansel A. Gates &amp; his heirs and assigns forever, to his and their sole use, benefit and behoof, forever. And the said Shabehnay for himself and his band, their heirs, executors, and administrators, by these presents, covenants, promises and agrees to and with the said Ansel A. Gates and his heirs and assigns in manner following, to wit: That they, the said Shabenay and his band and their heirs, shall and will warrant and forever defend the said described piece of ground and premises, with the appurtenances hereby bargained and sold unto him, the said Ansel A. Gates, his heirs and assigns, from and against them, the said Shabenay and his band, their heirs and assigns, and all persons claiming, or who may claim, by, under, or through him, them, or any of them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And further, that they, the said Shabenay and his band, and their heirs, shall and will at any and all times hereafter, at the request and cost of the said Ansel A. Gates, his heirs and assigns, make and execute any and every other deed of assurance in law, for the more sure and effectual conveyance of the said described piece of ground and premises with the appurtenances to the said Ansel A. Gates, his heirs and assigns, and the said Ansel A. Gates, his heirs and assigns, or his or her counsel, learned in the law, shall or may devise, advise or require.<\/span><\/p><p><b>In Testimony whereof, The said Shabehnay Chief he hath hereunto set his hand and affixed his seal the day and year first hereinbefore written.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Signed, sealed, and delivered, in the presence of}\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>(signed) Richard S. Elliott<\/b> <b>(Signed) Shabehnay [his x mark]<\/b><\/p><p><b>Late Ind. S. Agt.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; (bottom of contract page)\u00a0 \u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington City, Dec 1, 1845. Received of Ansel A. Gates, of the county of Lee and State of Illinois, the sum of twelve\u00a0 hundred dollars, being the consideration money specified in the above conveyance.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Witness<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(signed) Richard S. Elliott\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (Signed) Shabehnay [his x mark]<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Late Ind. S. Agt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; (top of cover page) \u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deed of Conveyance<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shahbenay to Ansel A. Gates\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">640 acres of land in DeKalb County, State of Illinois\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Part of Reserve to Shabehnay &amp; his Band<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of July 29\/1824<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executed in the county of Washington Dec. 1 1845<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copy<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; (bottom of cover page)\u00a0 \u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington, Dec 2. 1845<\/span><\/p><p><b>We certify that we were present and witnessed the payment of twelve hundred dollars, the consideration money of this written deed, and that the within named Shabenay expressed himself will satisfied and content therewith, and is in our opinion, fully competent to manage his own business.\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>(Signed)\u00a0 Geo. Gibson, Ret. Brig. Genl.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>(Signed) Richard S. Elliot<\/b><\/p><p><b>Late Ind. S. Agt. &amp; Att\u2019y for Pottawatomies<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The within deed &amp; certificates are these copies of the originals now in my possession.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard S. Elliott<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dec. 5. 1845<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; (next page) \u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">District of Columbia\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">County of Washington:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Be it remembered, that on this 2d day of December in the year of our Lord 1845, before me the subscriber, a Commissioner of Deeds &amp; appointed by the Governor of Illinois, in and for the said county of Washington, personally appeared the written named Indian Chief Shabehnay, and his interpreter W B Beaubien, and the said interpreter being by me duly sworn, questioned the said Shabehnay in my presence, and declared that the said Shabehnay replied that he fully understands the foregoing deed and acknowledges it his act &amp; deed for the purposes therein set forth.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal this day &amp; year last above written.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>(signed) Edward F. Brown\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>Commissioner of Deeds\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>for State of Illinois\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7219\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7219\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 3: Chicago Sun Times commentary from Prairie Band chairman Joseph \u201cZeke\u201d Rupnick in May 2024<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7219\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7219\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can read the article in full <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chicago.suntimes.com\/other-views\/2024\/05\/09\/prairie-band-potawotami-nation-has-reached-a-major-milestone-in-reclaiming-ancestral-land-in-illinois\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1098\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1098\" style=\"width: 214px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1098 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chairman-Joseph-Zeke-Rupnick-214x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chairman-Joseph-Zeke-Rupnick-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chairman-Joseph-Zeke-Rupnick-731x1024.png 731w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chairman-Joseph-Zeke-Rupnick.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1098\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chairman Joseph &#8216;Zeke&#8217; Rupnick<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph \u2018Zeke\u2019 Rupnick is the Chairperson of the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation as of this writing, and he was the Chairperson in 2024 when the nation reclaimed its land in DeKalb County. He is a direct descendant of Chief Shab-eh-nay.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Joseph \u2018Zeke\u2019 Rupnick, \u201cPrairie Band of Potawatomi Nation has Reached a Major Milestone in Reclaiming Ancestral Land in Illinois.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Sun Times, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May 9, 2024.&nbsp;<\/span><\/h6>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"45\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>Note to teachers: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><b>Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation has reached a major milestone in reclaiming ancestral land in Illinois<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The quest to regain stolen land began in 1849, when the U.S. government illegally auctioned off land in southern DeKalb County that belonged to a revered Potawatomi chief. Since then, the Nation has spent millions to repurchase that stolen land.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By&nbsp; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chicago.suntimes.com\/joseph-zeke-rupnick\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph \u2018Zeke\u2019 Rupnick<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &nbsp; May 9, 2024, 2:05pm CDT<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1099\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1099\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1099 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cst.brightspotcdn-1-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cst.brightspotcdn-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cst.brightspotcdn-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cst.brightspotcdn-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cst.brightspotcdn-1-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/cst.brightspotcdn-1.webp 1680w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1099\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chairman Joseph Rupnick (center) stands with other Nation members after signing over 130 acres in DeKalb County in trust to the federal government, which then set it aside as a federal Indian reservation \u2014 the first in Illinois<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b><br><\/b><\/p><p><b>\u2026 You don\u2019t need to look very far in Illinois to see the legacy of the many tribal nations that first lived here, but until recently there was not a single federally recognized Indian reservation in the state.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>By contrast, Illinois\u2019 neighbors <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wbez.org\/stories\/why-doesnt-illinois-have-any-indian-reservations\/a0fe743f-9283-441e-810f-f13fe0dc5344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Wisconsin, Michigan and Iowa <\/b><\/a><b>all have multiple federal Indian reservations. This discrepancy has been a grave injustice to many Nations, including the people of <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbpindiantribe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation<\/b><\/a><b>, whom I serve as <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbpindiantribe.com\/government\/tribal-council-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Tribal Council chairman<\/b><\/a><b>.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>That all changed last week when the U.S. Department of the Interior placed portions of the Shab-eh-nay Reservation land, in DeKalb County, into trust for Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation, making it the only federally recognized Tribal Nation in Illinois, and making Illinois the 35th state with a federally recognized Indian reservation.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>This decision comes 175 years after the land was stolen from my fourth great-grandfather, the highly revered Chief Shab-eh-nay. In 1849, when Chief Shab-eh-nay traveled from his home reservation in DeKalb to visit his family in Kansas, the U.S. government illegally auctioned off more than 1,280 acres of his land near the village of Shabbona in southern DeKalb County.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Ever since our land was stolen from us, Prairie Band has sought to reclaim what is rightfully ours and continue our history as an original part of DeKalb County. In fact, starting in 2004 we bought a parcel of land on our original reservation, and over the course of 15 years we paid nearly $10 million in total to repurchase, parcel by parcel, a total of 130 acres of reservation land that already legally belonged to us.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>By accepting the transfer of deeds from us and placing these 130 acres into trust, the U.S. Department of the Interior has put the government on a path to correct a historical injustice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, giving generations of Potawatomi the opportunity to cultivate economic self-sufficiency in our homeland. This confirms the land as \u201cIndian country\u201d and solidifies jurisdictional boundaries, ensuring that the Nation can exercise sovereignty over the land.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Though this is a milestone for Native nations who are fighting for rights, recognition and restitution in states across America, we have yet to see the rightful return of land stolen from us.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>That\u2019s a process we\u2019re still pursuing at the state of Illinois and through Congress \u2014 and as we do, we have publicly agreed that all current homeowners on the remaining reservation land will continue to retain title to their land and to live in their homes undisturbed. Because no one understands what it feels like to lose the place you call home better than Indians.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Reclaiming our land has been our life\u2019s work for so many years. Now that we have reclaimed a portion of it, our people plan to thoughtfully and deliberately evaluate potential uses for the land before making any decisions.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We appreciate that current residents have questions. As part of this process, we intend to engage with stakeholders and community members to ensure transparency and collaboration throughout the process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian tribal governments have jurisdiction within their reservations over criminal law enforcement over Indians (concurrent with federal government); civil regulatory authority over business activities; environmental and natural resource management; hunting and fishing; education; and social welfare. We will be present and attentive, and oversee a seamless transition of public services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The continuity of public safety is very important to Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. That\u2019s why we may seek to establish a Memorandum of Agreement with local law enforcement to ensure effective coordination and provision of law enforcement services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The establishment of reservation lands in Illinois is unprecedented. This land is our ancestral home \u2014 it\u2019s sacred to us, and any future plans will honor that history.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph \u201cZeke\u201d Rupnick is Tribal Council Chairman of the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The views and opinions expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Chicago Sun-Times or any of its affiliates.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-72110\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-72110\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 4: FAQ on the land restoration on the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation\u2019s official website<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-72110\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-72110\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can access the FAQ <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbpindiantribe.com\/shab-eh-nay-reservation-frequently-asked-questions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"45\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>Note to teachers: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1100 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Prairie-Band-Seal.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"169\" height=\"246\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation is a federally-recognized tribal nation that has reservation in land in the states of Kansas and Illinois. Their homelands in the Great Lakes extend across parts of what are now the states of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: \u201cIllinois FAQ.\u201d Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, pbpinddiantribe.com.&nbsp;<\/span><\/h6>\n<p><b>April 2024, the U.S. Department of the Interior placed portions of the Shab-eh-nay Reservation land into trust for Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation, affirming it as the only federally recognized Reservation in Illinois.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The news comes 175 years after the U.S. government illegally auctioned off 1,280 acres of Prairie Band\u2019s Reservation land near what is now the village of Shabbona in southern DeKalb County when Chief Shab-eh-nay traveled from his home Reservation to visit his family in Kansas.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><i><br><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><i>What is Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation is a federally recognized Tribal Nation with roots in northern Illinois.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Our people \u2013 the Potawatomi people of Northern Illinois \u2013 were removed from our homelands in the early 1800s. At around that time, as part of the Treaty of Chicago, we relinquished 28 million acres of our homeland in the Great Lakes region to the U.S. government.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>While we relinquished 28 million acres, we did not relinquish our 1,280 acre Reservation in what is now DeKalb County. The U.S. Senate at the time even affirmed this Reservation as ours and it was not ceded to the U.S. government.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Despite this, in 1849, the U.S. government illegally auctioned off 1,280 acres of Chief Shab-eh-nay\u2019s home Reservation in northern Illinois when he traveled to visit family in Kansas. Since that time, Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation has been working to reclaim their stolen land.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Currently Shab-eh-nay\u2019s Reservation located in DeKalb County is occupied by the State of Illinois (Shabbona Lake State Park), the DeKalb County government (Chief Shabbona Forest Preserve), and approximately two dozen residential properties.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The Nation is now headquartered in Mayetta, Kan. but continues to call northern Illinois home, and is heavily involved in the community and throughout the state.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How common are Indian Reservations throughout the United States?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very! There are more states with reservations than without.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are 574 federally recognized Tribes across 36 states. This status arises from treaties between the Nation and the U.S. government. No other Tribe has entered into more treaties with the U.S. Government than Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. All of them have been broken.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Illinois is a state built on Native land, but up until but up until our lands were put in trust in April 2024, it was one of only 15 states without a federally recognized Tribe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i><br><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><i>How did Prairie Band get the land that was put in trust?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Although the U.S. government illegally auctioned off 1,280 acres of Reservation land in what is now southern DeKalb County, the land rightfully belongs to Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation \u2013 as affirmed by multiple treaties and reaffirmed by the U.S. Department of the Interior under President George W. Bush\u2019s administration in 2001.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Since the land hasn\u2019t yet legally been returned to Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation, the Nation spent nearly $10 million over the course of 15 years to repurchase a total of 130 acres that fall on the original Reservation land.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>We then petitioned the U.S. Department of the Interior \u2013 Bureau of Indian Affairs to have the 130 acres placed into trust, affirming the Nation\u2019s sovereignty.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does it mean to have Reservation land put in trust?&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These three parcels totaling 130 acres are lands the Nation has previously reacquired, all of which are within the original reservation boundaries. Placing the land into trust means Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation signed over the legal land titles to the United States to be held in trust for the Nation. Since the land is placed into trust, it is definitively \u201cIndian country\u201d for purposes of Nation, Federal, and State jurisdiction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two processes for the Department of Interior to take lands into trust for a federally recognized tribe on a discretionary basis. One process is for lands within the boundaries of that tribe\u2019s reservation, and the other is for lands that are off-reservation. Importantly, these lands are being placed into trust pursuant to the on-reservation process.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What can Prairie Band do with the land once it&#8217;s in Trust?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nation has a wide variety of options for utilization of the trust lands. The Nation\u2019s leadership is considering potential uses but no decisions on changes in use have been made at this time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i><br><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Who\u2019s responsible for governing the 130 acres now that it\u2019s once again a Reservation designated for a federally recognized Tribal Nation?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Indian tribal governments have jurisdiction within their reservations over criminal law enforcement over Indians (concurrent with federal government), civil regulatory authority over business activities, environmental and natural resource management, hunting and fishing, education and social welfare.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Prairie Band intends to oversee a seamless transition of public services.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The continuity of public safety is very important to Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. That\u2019s why we may seek to establish a Memorandum of Agreement with local law enforcement to ensure effective coordination.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Does Prairie Band plan to do any development with the land?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reclaiming our land has been our life\u2019s work for so many years. Now that we have reclaimed a portion of it, our people plan to thoughtfully and deliberately evaluate potential uses for the land before making any decisions.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nation will carefully evaluate potential uses for the land.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are restrictions\/coordination with law enforcement on the land that\u2019s in Trust?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Criminal jurisdiction in Indian country is complex. While the state and local governments have limited criminal jurisdiction in Indian country, the Nation may seek to enter into a Memorandum of Agreement with local law enforcement to ensure continuity of adequate and efficient law enforcement services for the Trust lands.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does this newly designation reservation impact taxes for the county?&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The county and other local taxing authorities will no longer have jurisdiction to assess real property taxes against the Trust lands.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i><br><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><i>What does this news about designated Reservation land mean for homeowners who have property on the Reservation?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>No one understands what it feels like to lose the place you call home better than Indians. That\u2019s why Prairie Band has sought to reclaim our land free of lawsuits and in the least disruptive way possible for the current residents and homeowners.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>We are committed to ensuring that current homeowners can continue to retain title to their land and to live in their homes undisturbed.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Currently, deeds for homeowners within the Reservation are subject to \u201call rights, claims, or title to the descendants of a Potawatomi Indian Chieftain named Shabbona and his Band.\u201d&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>We have legislation making its way through Congress that would wipe deeds clean of that clause in favor of assuring current homeowners that their property is theirs without condition.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is the status of the federal legislation that would address homeowner concerns?&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislation (Senate bill 1492 and House Bill 3144) has been filed but has not yet had a committee hearing this Congress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legislation would resolve the wrongful act of the federal government selling Prairie Band land without authorization.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would provide a damages payment for the lost use of the Reservation for 175 years and recognize the authority of the Prairie Band to acquire additional lands. Iin exchange, the Prairie Band would clear their title interest to the lands occupied by homeowners within the Reservation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i><br><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><i>What steps is the Nation taking to reclaim more of its original Reservation land?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation has been deprived of its ownership and use of its Shab-eh-nay Reservation in DeKalb County since the 1830s. During this time, the Nation has been denied the cultural, social, and economic benefit of those lands.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The whole of our original Reservation that legally belongs to us has yet to be returned. Even though 130 acres has now been put into trust, not a single acre that was stolen from us per violation of U.S. treaty has been returned to us. The Nation paid nearly $10 million to buy back those 130 acres that are part of our original reservation.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Legislation making its way through the Illinois Legislature in Springfield would transfer Shabbona Lake State Park in DeKalb County to Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation, on whose Reservation the park currently sits.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation has committed to keep the park open to the public, and to improve the infrastructure and experience of the park if the legislation passes and is signed into law.<\/b><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-107c067 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"107c067\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f98961e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f98961e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-633ec96 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"633ec96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba657de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba657de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Downloadable Documents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3644e7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3644e7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everything in this module will be available to download as Word documents. Coming soon!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How do Indigenous relationships to land in Chicago persist today?\u200b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1099,"parent":908,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1092","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Question 3 - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-1\/question-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Question 3 - 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