{"id":1057,"date":"2024-09-03T21:15:55","date_gmt":"2024-09-03T21:15:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/?page_id=1057"},"modified":"2024-09-17T21:02:27","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T21:02:27","slug":"question-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-1\/question-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Question 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1057\" class=\"elementor elementor-1057\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67a4148 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"67a4148\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8b9ad4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"d8b9ad4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f7ca0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"56f7ca0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757d205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"757d205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Module 1 Supporting Question 2:<br><br> How have settler narratives attempted to erase Indigenous presence in Chicago?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc5669b elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"fc5669b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2641\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2641\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Learning Objectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2641\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2641\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of this exercise, I can\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">analyze representations of Indigenous peoples in historical images<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assess the trustworthiness of historical images of Indigenous people\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evaluate the thinking behind and impact of certain representations of Indigenous people<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2642\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2642\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Topical\/Time Period focus:<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2642\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2642\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This exercise directly relates to:<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How different European colonies developed and expanded (1790s-1830s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interactions between American Indians and Europeans (1790s-1830s)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span>This exercise could also be paired with teaching about:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Northwest Ordinance (1787). Connect to events leading up to the 1795 Treaty of Greenville<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800. Connect to early land cessions and settler-Native interactions in Chicago<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manifest Destiny (1790s-1930s). Connect to shifting representations of Native people in Chicago<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagery of the West (1790s-1930s). Connect to shifting representations of Native people in Chicago<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2643\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2643\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Illinois Learning Standards<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2643\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2643\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geography<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.G.5. Analyze different ways of representing geographic information in order to compare cartographers&#8217; perspectives, biases, and goals.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History<\/span><\/i><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.5. Analyze the factors and historical context, including overarching movements, that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SS.9-12.H.10. Identify and analyze ways in which marginalized communities are represented in historical sources and seek out sources created by historically oppressed peoples.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2644\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2644\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2644\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2644\"><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Vocabulary\u00a0<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Pronunciation<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Definition<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assimilate (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uh\u00b7<\/span><b>si<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7muh\u00b7layt<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to force a person or group of people to give up their languages, religions, and other lifeways and to adopt the languages, religions, and lifeways of another group<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cartouche (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kaar\u00b7<\/span><b>toosh<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a decorative frame or inscription on a map; often an artistic drawing at the top, edge, or corner<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cede (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>seed<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">give up; within the context of treaties, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ceded <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lands are those exchanged for good and services, while <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unceded <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lands are lands that were never given up<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cessions <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are the lands that are transferred under a treaty.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">colonialism (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kuh\u00b7<\/span><b>low<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7nee\u00b7uh\u00b7li\u00b7zm<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when one group of people invades another group of people, steals their natural resources, and controls their politics, social life, and economics<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">diplomacy (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">duh\u00b7<\/span><b>plow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7muh\u00b7see<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">interactions to build strong relationships between separate governments<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">erasure (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ur\u00b7<\/span><b>ay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shr<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">removing or overlooking the presence of something\/someone intentionally<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">homelands<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>hohm<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7landz<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the lands and waters of a particular people since time immemorial<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">industrialization (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ihn\u00b7duh\u00b7stree\u00b7uh\u00b7lai\u00b7<\/span><b>zay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shifting a place\u2019s economy from land-based (agriculture) to manufacturing (factories)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kinship (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>kin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shihp<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">family relationships; sharing a sense of connectedness<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">myth (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>mith<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a commonly believed story that is not actually true<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">narrative<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>neh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ruh\u00b7tiv<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a story<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">portage (v.\/n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>por<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tuhj<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">carrying a boat (usually a canoe) between two waterways; also, a place or route where you carry the boat<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reciprocal (adj.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ruh\u00b7<\/span><b>si<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7pruh\u00b7kl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a balance of giving in a relationship; giving may not look the same for each side, but there is a shared commitment to offering and receiving<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relationships (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reh\u00b7<\/span><b>lay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7shuhn\u00b7shihps<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a connection between two or more people, living beings, groups, places, ideas, etc.; people who are in relationships have certain commitments to those they\u2019re in relationship with\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seasonal rounds (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>see<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7zuh\u00b7nuhl <\/span><b>rowndz<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">annual patterns of coming together and moving away based on the growth cycles of plants and seasonal migrations of animals<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">settlers v. Indigenous people (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>seh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7tuh\u00b7lrz \/\/ ihn\u00b7<\/span><b>di<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7juh\u00b7nuhs <\/span><b>pee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7pl<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous peoples\u2019 origin stories connect them to a place since before human memory; settlers arrive in a place to set up their own societies (even though other people already live there)<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note that Native and Indigenous mean similar things. You will see them used to mean the same thing in this exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stereotype (n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>steh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7ree\u00b7oh\u00b7type<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a commonly-used idea or image of a type of person that is oversimplified and\/or inaccurate\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">steward (v.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>stoo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7urd<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thoughtfully take care of a place or item\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trade (v.\/n.)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>trayd<\/b><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">buying, selling, or exchanging items\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2645\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2645\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Background<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2645\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2645\"><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Established Native Place<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the city as we know it existed, many <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nations had long standing <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with this place. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> names for this place include <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiwkwebthegen.com\/dictionary-word\/zhegagoynak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zhegagoynak<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Gaa-zhigaagwanzhikaag, Zhigaagong, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mc.miamioh.edu\/ilda-myaamia\/dictionary\/entries\/3728\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160ikaakonki<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Shek\u00e2k\u00f4heki, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.menominee.edu\/tmcs\/the-menominee-clans-story\/place-names-pronunciation-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sek\u0101koh<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.hochunk.org\/#\/L\/g%C5%B3%C5%B3%C5%A1ge%20hon%C4%85k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0173\u0173\u0161ge hon\u0105k<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, among others. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> languages reflect unique cultures and worldviews, and these <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> words for Chicago reveal important details about Native peoples\u2019 <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with and understanding of this place. It is a sign of respect to use these words instead of French misunderstandings like Checagou or Chicagua, which you will see often on <\/span><b>colonial<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> maps.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might hear people say that Chicago is named after \u201cthe Algonquian name\u201d for wild onion or a similar allium. This isn\u2019t quite right: while several of the words above do translate to \u201cplace of wild onions\u201d or something similar, there is no single Algonquian word for such a plant, because \u201cAlgonquian\u201d refers to a large group of languages, including those of the Illinois Confederation, Neshnab\u00e9k, Myaamiaki, Sauk, Meskwaki, and Menominee, among others. In other words, there are many Algonquian words for the place we now call Chicago.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> names for Chicago show us, many wild onions, or ramps, grew in Chicago for generations. These plants were an important food for the Native peoples in this region. Ramps are hard to grow and easy to overharvest. That ramps grew well here for generations tells us that Native people were carefully <\/span><b>stewarding <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the land and the plant population.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chicago landscape made it a welcoming area for people, plants, animals, birds, and insects to live. The marshes and oak savannas had lots of animals, birds, fish, and plants to eat. It\u2019s a unique ecosystem, since it transitions from the Great Plains to the forests around the Great Lakes. The landscape also makes transportation convenient. The waterways and <\/span><b>portages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> connect Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes to the Illinois River, the Mississippi River, and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. Chicago\u2019s location and its abundant food sources have made it a desirable place to live, <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and gather. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people had long treated Chicago as a crossroads where many Native people from different cultural and political backgrounds came together (for more on this, see the Convergence module!).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each Native nation in the region had (and has!) its own language, government system, set of spiritual or religious teachings, and systems for food production, land management, transportation, architecture, and many more. Native people throughout the Great Lakes also established <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> networks and protocols for <\/span><b>relationality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which included <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for family, <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>diplomacy, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ceremony,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and mutual protection. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> systems of government promoted a balanced system where people contributed to the well-being of the entire community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>myth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people lacked boundaries before <\/span><b>colonialism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people had long-standing ways of recognizing territorial boundaries between Native nations. This meant that only allies of the people who controlled a territory could live, or pass through the territory for governing, hunting, farming, and other needs. Because Native nations were distinct groups, they had clear <\/span><b>protocols<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for welcoming other tribal nations &#8211; outsiders and foreigners &#8211; to live and <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on their lands. When Europeans arrived, they were just another new group. The agreements that outlined how Native nations shared or divided space were not one-time papers like the treaties that would come later. Instead, these agreements were rules and protocols for <\/span><b>relationships <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that needed to be renewed on a regular basis. This helped to make sure that the agreements still met everyone\u2019s needs and that everyone knew what they were agreeing to. For <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people before colonization, making agreements with other tribes was a way of ensuring sustainable, healthy coexistence through <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and respect.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negotiations for sharing lands made it possible for some<\/span><b> Indigenous people<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to live in Chicago full time, while others passed through Chicago as part of <\/span><b>seasonal rounds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These <\/span><b>rounds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were annual patterns of coming to a particular place at a particular time. <\/span><b>Indigenous people<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> developed these cycles based on the growth cycles of plants and migrations of animals. Many <\/span><b>Indigenous people<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lived this way before colonization because it was a sustainable way of life. These seasons followed a predictable pattern for planting, hunting, fishing, and harvesting. Moving this way allowed for communities to regularly renew their connections to each other. In Chicago, some examples of seasonal activities include (among others):\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spring: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collecting sap from maple trees to make sugar and syrup, harvesting spring plants like ramps (similar to a green onion) which grow along streams, planting vegetable gardens<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Summer:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fishing for sturgeon, whitefish, trout, walleye, and other fish in the lakes and rivers, tending to vegetables like corn, beans, and squash<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fall: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hunting migrating birds like ducks and geese, harvesting wild rice in marshes and small lakes, harvesting remaining vegetables grown over the summer\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Winter:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hunting muskrats, otters, and beavers in marshes, deer in forested areas, and bison on the prairie<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Throughout the late 17th and 18th centuries, European <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> traveled through Chicago and stayed there for short amounts of time. No non-Native people lived permanently in Chicago until the late 1700s. However, in the late 1770s, fur trader Jean Baptiste Point du Sable arrived in Chicago. Du Sable was a fur trader of African descent who married a Potawatomi woman named Kitihawa, and their story offers an example of early <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ties between Black and Native people. We know little about du Sable\u2019s background, except that he was likely born near Kaskaskia and was likely enslaved, then later freed, by a French couple. To be successful in the fur <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, non-Native traders like du Sable had to establish and maintain <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the Native peoples who controlled these lands. This included joining <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b> <b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> networks, often by marrying Native women. <\/span><b>Ojibwe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> scholar Michael Witgen describes this process clearly: <\/span><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who were new to the region either became <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.potawatomidictionary.com\/Dictionary\/Word\/5196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ndenw\u00e9magen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (relatives in the Potawatomi language, pronounced nih\u00b7dihn\u00b7way\u00b7<\/span><b>mah<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7gehn) or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.potawatomidictionary.com\/Dictionary\/Word\/9329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">myeg yegwan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (foreigners, pronounced mee\u00b7<\/span><b>yehg<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7yeh\u00b7gwun). In order to be successful in the fur <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, they had to become relatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While we know very little about du Sable\u2019s Potawatomi wife Kitihawa, Native women were\u00a0 important decision makers in the fur <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When Native women chose to marry European fur traders, they continued <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> practices of and values for incorporating newcomers into their communities. They introduced their fur trading husbands to the people they would need to know to do business. They managed the businesses locally while their husbands traded across the Great Lakes region for long periods of time. They translated across various Native languages. They also educated their husbands (and business partners!) on protocols for greetings, gift exchange, and communication.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the late 18th century, du Sable and Kitihawa\u2019s home was the only European-style home in the region. This reflects how Chicago was very much still controlled by Native people at this time. While Britain \u201cclaimed\u201d the land after the Seven Years War, and the United States \u201cclaimed\u201d the area after the American Revolution ended in 1783, the lands at Chicago remained under Native authority. The records of the fur traders who were passing through mention Potawatomi, Ojibwe, Odawa, Sauk, Mascouten, and Kickapoo villages at or near Chicago throughout the 1790s.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Local political dynamics shifted with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which gave the United States access to a 6 square mile area around the mouth of Chicago River. Shortly after that, Thomas Jefferson was elected. He set into motion his plan to <\/span><b>assimilate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Native people by making them into farmers (using European, not <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, farming methods). He thought this would increase the likelihood that <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people would sell off their lands. Jefferson saw no future for Native people in his version of America &#8211; which was made up of white farming families who expanded across the West. Therefore, he worked closely with Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison to negotiate as many land <\/span><b>cessions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as possible. Most of these early <\/span><b>cessions<\/b> <b>ceded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land south along the Ohio River in what are now known as the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Harrison\u2019s use of violence to obtain this land was a major factor leading to the Battle of Fort Dearborn (more on this in Module 4!)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 1812-1816, Native people lived in and controlled Chicago with very little influence from Europeans. The <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who remained in this area were primarily fur traders who had married Native women, or those who had established <\/span><b>reciprocal relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Native communities. Then came the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The treaty gave the United States control over the Chicago <\/span><b>portage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> route and the land about 10 miles north and south of the mouth of the river. Native people had negotiated under the treaty to be able to continue hunting and fishing in the area. They continued to participate in <\/span><b>seasonal rounds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in and around Chicago. Native people continued to actively engage with <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who were living in the region, especially those connected to the fur <\/span><b>trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were aware that they needed good <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Native people to survive in the region.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 1816 Treaty was supposed to set clear boundaries for where <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would stay. But even after the 1816 Treaty, white <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> continued to illegally move into Native territory. Many of these <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were after resources, including mining. This went against the treaty. In response, a group of Ho-Chunk fighters led by Red Bird organized several attacks against American villages in 1827 in response to groups of lead miners who had trespassed onto their lands. The attacks took place near Prairie du Chien in what is now known as southern Wisconsin. <\/span><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Chicago then raised a militia to counter the attack. Native leaders like Sauganash (Billy Caldwell), Shab-eh-nay, and Che-che-pin-quay (Alexander Robinson) were able to calm tensions. Even so, the violence led Congress to reopen Fort Dearborn and? demand that Native leaders negotiate for more land <\/span><b>cessions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After land <\/span><b>cessions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 1829, 1832, and 1833, power began to shift dramatically. But it was still not until later in the 1830s that Native people were actually forced to leave the Chicago area.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Representations of Native people in <\/span><\/i><b><i>settler<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sources<\/span><\/i><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">increasingly arrived in North America, they created <\/span><b>narratives <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that justified their occupation of Native <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Sometimes, they did this through written sources, like letters to each other and to government leaders, or published <\/span><b>narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Other times, they created visual representations like drawings or maps that showed Native people as savage or uncivilized. These <\/span><b>narratives <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">connected to European ideas that people who weren\u2019t Christian and therefore \u201ccivilized\u201d could be colonized or dominated. <\/span><b>Settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">often misrepresented Native people as part of a prehistoric past, even when there were Native people clearly visible around them. They believed Native people were going to die out, which didn\u2019t happen. <\/span><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who wanted <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> land believed that it was \u201cdestined\u201d for the United States\u2019 use and had been set aside for them by God. They thought that Native people did not deserve the land they had because they were not Christian. This would later be called \u201cmanifest destiny.\u201d You can see a popular representation of manifest destiny in John Gast\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/ppmsca.09855\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Progress<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><b>Settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also represented <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people as anti-technology, even though <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people had been developing innovative, sustainable technologies for thousands of years. They created an oversimplified either-or <\/span><b>narrative <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">represented progress and <\/span><b>industrialization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while <\/span><b>Indigenous <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people represented a primitive way of life destined to die out. <\/span><b>Settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> imaginations about <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people tend to fall into oversimplified <\/span><b>stereotypes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, even ones that contradict each other! Most notably, <\/span><b>settler narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tend to show Native people as:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">savage and violent<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">meek and spiritual<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">possessing special \u201cmagic\u201d or sentimentality relative to the land<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as hypersexualized (this is especially true for representations of women and girls)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">desperately impoverished\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">extremely wealthy<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">part of the past (but never the present or future)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>These fictionalized <b>settler<\/b> <b>narratives<\/b> are part of everyday imaginations in the United States and shape how people think about <b>Indigenous<\/b> people. For more on this see Anton Treuer\u2019s book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.levinequerido.com\/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-indians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Everything You Wanted to Know about Indians but Were Afraid to Ask: Young Readers Edition<\/i><\/a><i>, <\/i>among others.\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Images changed over time throughout the late 1700s and early 1800s. While Native people were present (if misrepresented) in earlier images, later ones tended to push Native people to the margins or out of the picture entirely. This is a form of <\/span><b>erasure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Where Native people show up in these later images, they are often represented as dying. Historians call this \u201clasting\u201d \u2013 a made-up <\/span><b>narrative <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the imaginary \u201clast\u201d Native person to do something, which represents Native life ending and <\/span><b>settler <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lives taking over.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shape how people think about each other. This includes whether people assume Native people are still here or not, and the extent to which people believe the <\/span><b>stereotypes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">listed above. This has real impacts on peoples\u2019 lives: Psychologists have found that when non-Native people assume Native people are part of the past, they trust Native <\/span><b>narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about their own lives <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">less <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and support <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> issues <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">less often<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Our ability to see each other and trust each other\u2019s stories about our\/their lives shapes our ability to build <\/span><b>relationships <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and work together, now and in the future.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, you can still see issues with <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b> <b>erasure <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and \u201clasting\u201d in statues, monuments, and other plaques within Chicago. These images position Native people as historic; suggest that removal was a natural, pre-ordained, and necessary development; and promote the idea that Native people disappeared. But Native people continue to have <\/span><b>relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Chicago! Some resisted removal and remained in Chicago. Others who were removed continue to think of these lands as their <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Still others returned to Chicago later or traveled here from other Native communities. Chicago is, always has been, and always will be a Native place.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources<\/span><\/i><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fryberg, S. A., J. Doris Dai, and Arianne E. Eason. \u201cOmission as a Modern Form of Bias Against Native Peoples: Implications for Policies and Practices.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Issues and Policy Review. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18 (1) (2024): 148-170.\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keating, Ann Durkin. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rising Up From Indian Country: The Battle of Fort Dearborn and the Birth of Chicago. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O\u2019Brien, Jean M. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sleeper-Smith, Susan. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2nd edition.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams, Robert A. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Witgen, Michael. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Infinity of Nations: How the Native New World Shaped Early North America. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2646\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2646\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Steps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2646\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2646\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1541 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><strong>Note to teachers<\/strong>: We invite you to use the components of the Indigenous Chicago curriculum that best align <\/span><\/i><i>with the needs of your classroom. The following suggested steps can be modified as needed, and we invite you to use the teacher\u2019s history brief to inspire new exercises that best meet the needs of your students. Please note that we suggest shortening, rather than modifying, the language of historical sources to best reflect the original source\u2019s context, intention, and voice.\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might want to use one of the following resources as you work through the sources below:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Archives\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/files\/education\/lessons\/document-analysis\/english\/analyze-a-written-document-intermediate.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u201cAnalyzing a Written Document\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> guide\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Manuscripts.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Manuscripts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Library of Congress\u2019 Teacher\u2019s Guide sheet for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Primary_Sources.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyzing Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Review the information in the Background section above. What was the balance of power in Chicago like in the late 1700s and early 1800s?<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Despite the onslaught of early <\/span><b>settler <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">invasions and political changes under the <\/span><b>treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people retained their deep connections to their <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When Lewis Cass and Alex Wolcott, Jr. wrote to U.S. Secretary of War James Barbour in the 1820s, Native people remained a major local population \u2013 and one with significant political and economic influence! Read Source 1, two excerpts from Cass\u2019 1827 and Wolcott\u2019s 1828 letters. As you do, notice:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Writing from Chicago, Cass describes Chicago as \u201cfirmly within Potawatomi country.\u201d What do these letters tell you about <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> power in Chicago in the early 1800s? What do they show about the balance of power between <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people in this region at the time?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do Cass\u2019 and Wolcott\u2019s anxieties about Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) \u201chostilities\u201d tell you about how <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people were defending their <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the 1820s? About how <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> perceived <\/span><b>Indigenous <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people? About how <\/span><b>Indigenous <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people perceived <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do their letters show us about <\/span><b>settler <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">strategies for taking and keeping <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lands? How did <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> position Native nations (in this case, Potawatomi and Ho-Chunks (Winnebagos) against each other? Why would that have been a strategy <\/span><b>settlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used in the region?<\/span><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What reasons did Ho-Chunks have for military defense of their <\/span><b>homelands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? (see Wolcott\u2019s 1828 letter, at the start of the third paragraph, when he says, \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relieved from the immediate terror occassioned by the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presence of our troops in their country<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, excited by their own and inextinguishable hatred to the Americans and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">irritated by the confinement and anticipated execution of their chiefs<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) What does this show us about <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> military strategies?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What do their letters show about how <\/span><b>Indigenous <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">people banded together against American military violence?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Now, take a look\u00a0 at three images, one in 1779 (Source 2), one in 1820 (Source 3), and one in 1933 reflecting on the so-called incorporation of Chicago in 1833 (Source 4). Copies of these images with additional context are available at the end of this document. For each image, notice where Native people are in each image, what they appear to be doing, and how they are reflected relative to the lands, waters, and non-Native people in the images. The following optional chart can help you organize your thoughts:<\/span><\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Image year \/ What social context might be helpful to you in understanding this image?<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where are Native people physically in the drawing?<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does the drawing show Native people interacting with or relative to the lands, waters, and other living beings?<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does this image compare to the previous image?<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How does this image shape or reinforce the <\/span><b>settler narratives <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">you read about in the background section?<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was happening for Native people in the region in 1779?<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was happening for settlers in the region in\u00a0 1779?<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might compare this image to the <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_chicago\/id\/1480\/rec\/1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1718 de Fer map<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> you viewed in the premodule!<\/span><\/i><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was happening for Native people\u00a0 in the region in 1820?<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was happening for settlers\u00a0 in the region in 1820?<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compare the 1820 image to the 1779 one.<\/span><\/i><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was happening for Native people\u00a0 in the region in 1833?<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What was happening for settlers\u00a0 in the region in 1833?<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compare the 1833 image to the 1820 one.<\/span><\/i><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First, look at the 1884 drawing from E. White that is meant to depict Chicago in 1779.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1064 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-1024x664.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-1024x664.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-300x194.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-768x498.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-1536x996.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where do you see Native people (or at least the suggestion of Native people) in the image?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How populated is the landscape in this image? Given what you know about how many Native people lived in Chicago for thousands of years, does this seem accurate?\u00a0 As a comparison, look back at the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_chicago\/id\/1480\/rec\/1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1718 de Fer map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the premodule. Notice how many Native nations are mentioned on the map.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thinking back to what you know about the idea of \u201cmanifest destiny,\u201d why might <\/span><b>settlers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have wanted to imagine the landscape as empty?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, look at this Seth Eastman drawing from 1854 that is meant to depict Chicago in 1820.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1065 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-1024x771.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-1024x771.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-768x578.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-1536x1157.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And this close-up of the center portion of the image:<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1066 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-close-up-1024x552.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-close-up-1024x552.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-close-up-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-close-up-768x414.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-close-up-1536x828.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-close-up.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do the buildings in this image compare to those in 1779?\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What kind of a change in the imagined landscape does this represent? What does this imply about the artist\u2019s perspective on the balance of power in the region?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are the Native people in the image doing? Does this feel more or less accurate than the previous image, given what you know about Native presence in Chicago at the time from Cass\u2019 and Wolcott\u2019s letters?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, look at this 1933 image from O. E. Stelzer.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_645\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-645\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-645 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-1024x747.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-1024x747.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-300x219.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978-768x560.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-e1725662451978.jpeg 1239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-645\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cA map of Chicago : incorporated as a town August 5, 1833.\u201d Norman B. Leventhal Map &amp; Education Center Collection Digital Collections, Boston Public Library<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Along with this close-up of the lower portion of the map:<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1070 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-1024x246.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-1024x246.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-300x72.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-768x185.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-1536x370.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 1933 image is based on an 1833 map and commemorates the formal incorporation of Chicago as a <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> city. Chicago was incorporated in the same year as the 1833 Treaty of Chicago, which led to a mass forced <\/span><b>removal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people from the Chicago region. Where do you see <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people in the image? How does this decorative map represent <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> presence relative to the physical location of Chicago?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you know, Chicago had been a Native place since <\/span><b>time immemorial<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. How might an image like this one reinforce <\/span><b>settler narratives <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">about <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> disappearance? About <\/span><b>settlers\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> permanence in the region?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on what you know from the Background section and from Cass\u2019 and Wolcott\u2019s letters, how accurate do you think these representations of Native people were?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why might it have benefitted the <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> artists (and <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> society more broadly) to see Native people as disappearing, even when they weren\u2019t?<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>4. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Summing it up! According to Alaska Native researcher Leilani Sabzalian, anticolonial literacy is \u201cthe ability to critically read and counter\u201d <\/span><b>settler<\/b> <b>narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and practices. Historians critically examine primary sources by bringing together multiple sources to get a more detailed sense of what was happening. This can also reveal when a source is based in or contributing to a false <\/span><b>narrative <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rather than representing an accurate story. As you wrap up this exercise:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaluate the trustworthiness of the representations of <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people in Cass\u2019 and Wolcott\u2019s letters and in the 1779, 1820, and 1833 drawings.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Describe how <\/span><b>settler narratives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have worked to erase <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> presence in Chicago.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For these questions, use a written, spoken, or artistic format of your choosing!<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2647\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2647\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 1: Excerpt from Lewis Cass\u2019s letter to Secretary of War James Barbour on July 23, 1827 and from Alexander Wolcott Jr. to Secretary of War James Barbour on March 20, 1828<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2647\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2647\"><figure id=\"attachment_1071\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1071\" style=\"width: 241px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1071 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Lewis-Cass-241x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Lewis-Cass-241x300.png 241w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Lewis-Cass-822x1024.png 822w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Lewis-Cass-768x957.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Lewis-Cass-1233x1536.png 1233w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Lewis-Cass.png 1284w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1071\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lewis Cass<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lewis Cass was a politician and US military officer. When he wrote this letter, Cass was the Territorial Governor of Michigan Territory and the acting Indian Superintendent of Michigan Territory (a superintendent was responsible for Indian Affairs across a large territory). Cass\u2019s job would have been to report the activities of Native people to his superior, the Secretary of War James Barbour. He reported to the Secretary of War because the US placed the Office of Indian Affairs within the War Department when it created it in 1824. This reveals that the US viewed its relationships with Native nations in the 1820s as related to military defense.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alexander Wolcott Jr. was the Indian Agent of the Chicago Agency from 1820-1827. Indian agents were responsible for Indian affairs in a certain territory. The Chicago Agency covered all of what is now called the state of Illinois and what is now called southern Wisconsin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citations: Louis Cass to James Barbour, July 23, 1827, Letters received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81, Chicago Agency, Microfilm, Newberry Library; Alexander Wolcott Jr. to James Barbour, March 20, 1828, Letters received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81, Chicago Agency, Microfilm, Newberry Library.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>Note to teachers: If you need a shorter excerpt, we suggest including the sentences we have temporarily bolded below. Whether you use the excerpt or the whole source, we suggest you remove the bolding before assigning this text.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><b>1827 Letter from Lewis Cass to Secretary of War James Barbour<\/b><\/p><p><b>Chicago July 23, 1827,<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir,<\/span><\/p><p><b>I reached here yesterday from St. Louis, and shall proceed to Green Bay tomorrow morning.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><b>I found the Inhabitants along the Illinois in a state of alarm &amp; they are in great danger. This post is the center of the Potawatomie Country &amp; upon its preservation depends much of our influence over that discontented tribe.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It ought not to have been evacuated, &amp; I recommend most earnestly its immediate reoccupation. The system of concentration has been carried too far. I speak the universal sentiment of the Country, and <\/span><b>unless the frontier posts are held by our troops we shall in vain look for permanent tranquility.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Potawatomies are evidently uneasy, waiting for information from the Mississippi. I shall hold a council with their chiefs this evening and I shall insist upon their securing the peace of their own Country. <\/span><b>They must prevent the Winnebagoes [Ho-Chunks] from entering their country, and for this we must hold them responsible.\u00a0<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I have not time to write more in detail but I shall request Dr. Wolcott the Indian Agent here to communicate to you the result of the Council such information generally with relation to the situation of the Country, as it may be important for the government to receive. Implicit reliance may be placed upon all he may communicate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very respectfully, Sir,<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yr. Mo. Obt. Sevt. [Your Most Obedient Servent]<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lewis Cass<\/span><\/p><p><b>1828 Letter from Alex Wolcott, Jr. to Secretary of War James Barbour<\/b><\/p><p><b>Chicago March 20, 1828.<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir,<\/span><\/p><p><b>During the past winter I received repeated intimations that our restless neighbors, the Winnebagoes [Ho-Chunks] were planning a renewal of hostilities and on a scale much more extensive than that of last year.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To such reports I paid but little attention, believing that the amount of force sent among them last summer, and the celerity with which it was most concentrated in the heart of their country, must have convinced them of the hopelessness of any future official to arms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But of late I have received so many warning from the Indians who are coming in daily from their hunting grounds and from traders who have passed the winter among them, of their hostile intentions, and of their plans to carry those intentions into effect, that no doubt is left on my mind of their present determination to try the chance of war.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Relieved from the immediate terror occassioned by the presence of our troops in their country, excited by their own and inextinguishable hatred to the Americans and irritated by the confinement and anticipated execution of their chiefs, and urged on by the Sioux, who have provided them a secure retreat in their country, should they be viable to maintain themselves in their own, it is not to be wondered as if they, reckless and miscalculating, as they are known to be to be, should listen to the suggestion of revenge rather than reason<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Impressed as I am with the conviction that their feelings and intentions are entirely hostile, and that <\/span><b>they can be restrained from the commission of the acts of open hostility, only by the presence of a strong military force on their frontier, I cannot, consistently with my idea of duty, refrain from notifying you, sir, of the situation of affairs, and of suggesting \u2013 indeed of urging, the propriety, and necessity of re-establishing this post, and of garrisoning it with a respectable force. This post has always been considered, by all intelligent men with whom I have conversed on the subject, as one of the most governing points on our borders, and as calculated, when properly maintained, to protect a greater extent of the frontier, and to keep in check a greater number of Indians, than almost any other.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It will always secure the fidelity of the Potawatomies, and prove an effective barrier to the incursions of the Winnebagoes. Should hostilities commence, and this post be left ungarrisoned, this settlement must necessarily be abandoned. It is but eighty miles distant from Kosh-ko-nong, the gathering place of the Rock-River Indians, and can be reached by them in two days, at any time, and being an important post of trade, with large supplies of ammunition, guns, and all other articles necessary for their use, it would doubtless be the first object of their attention. Two companies of infantry, in addition to the citizens now here, will be sufficient to secure this frontier from the Winnebagoes, and overcome any individuals among the Potawatomies who may be disposed to join them or to do mischief in their name.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I have the honor to be, sir, with profound respect your\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vry Obt. Sevt. [Very Obedient Servant]<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Wolcott Jr.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Agent.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P.S. Should you resolve to send troops here, I hope, sir, you will do me the favour to let me know it without delay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2648\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2648\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 2: \u201cImaginary view of the site of Chicago in 1779\u201d in History of Chicago: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time: In Three Volumes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2648\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2648\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A high resolution, zoomable version of the image is available <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01CARLI_NBY\/i5mcb2\/alma99947548805867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here.<\/span><\/a><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1073\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1073\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1073\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Alfred-T.-Andreas-230x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"230\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Alfred-T.-Andreas-230x300.png 230w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Alfred-T.-Andreas.png 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1073\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alfred T. Andreas<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The image below appears in Alfred T. Andreas\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History of Chicago, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a three volume history published in 1884<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which many people who study the history of Chicago still use today<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andreas was an American historian. He was most famous for his <\/span><b>atlases<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of counties and states across the Midwest. This drawing from the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History of Chicago <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imagines what Chicago looked like in 1779. It shows an open landscape with a small group of ten teepees or lodges with three <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people in them. This imagined portrait of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jean Baptiste du Sable (no image of him actually exists) includes a drawing of his home. While there is some scholarly debate about du Sable\u2019s identity, most scholars think he was a Black man of Haitian descent married to a Potawatomi woman.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Andreas, Alfred T. \u201cAn Imaginary View of the Site of Chicago in 1779.\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History of Chicago: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time: in three volumes. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volume 1<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Chicago: A. T. Andreas,1884-1886).<\/span><\/h6><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1541\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Del-Real_Small-Motif-no-background.png 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>Note for teachers: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Please note before using this source with students that the image describes DuSable as \u201ccolored,\u201d which is inappropriate and outdated language. Please prepare your students with a discussion of this language <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prior <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to viewing the image. For a useful guide on outdated and racist terms in historical sources, consider consulting this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.learningforjustice.org\/sites\/default\/files\/general\/Difficult_Conversations_Self_Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">self-assessment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to prepare and consult this Library of Congress <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.loc.gov\/teachers\/2011\/11\/dealing-with-difficult-subjects-in-primary-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blog<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about preparing to speak with students.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1064 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-1024x664.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-1024x664.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-300x194.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-768x498.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779-1536x996.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1779.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2649\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2649\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 3: Seth Eastman\u2019s drawing of Chicago in 1820<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2649\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2649\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A high resolution version of the image is available <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.carli.illinois.edu\/digital\/collection\/nby_chicago\/id\/1788\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here.<\/span><\/a><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1074\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1074\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1074 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Seth-Eastman-225x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Seth-Eastman-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Seth-Eastman.png 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1074\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seth Eastman<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure id=\"attachment_1075\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1075\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1075\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Henry-Rowe-Schoolcraft-240x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Henry-Rowe-Schoolcraft-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Henry-Rowe-Schoolcraft.png 378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1075\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henry Rowe Schoolcraft<\/figcaption><\/figure><h6>\u00a0<\/h6><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation:\u00a0 Eastman, Seth. \u201cChicago in 1820.\u201d in Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historical and statistical information respecting the history&#8230;of the Indian tribes of the United States. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Philadelphia: Lippincott &amp; Grambo &amp; Co, 1854).\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seth Eastman was an artist and US military officer known for his illustrations of Native life in the Midwest. He is especially well known for the illustrations that he created for Henry Rowe Schoolcraft\u2019s six-volume publication, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historical and statistical information respecting the history&#8230;of the Indian tribes of the United States. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eastman\u2019s illustrations were based off of Schoolcraft\u2019s sketches, which were likely drawn based on his own observations. Schoolcraft was an American geographer and writer, and the six-volume work he published was commissioned by Congress. Both Eastman and Schoolcraft had significant experience living in extended <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> networks with Native communities. Eastman was stationed at Fort Snelling in what is today known as Minnesota for a long time. While he was there, he married and had a daughter with Waka<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u019e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Inaji<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u019e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-wi<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u019e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (pronounced wah\u00b7<\/span><b>kahn<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ee\u00b7<\/span><b>nah<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7jee\u00b7wee), the daughter of Dakota leader Cloud Man. Schoolcraft previously served as an Indian agent in Michigan territory, where he married and had several children with Jane Johnston, the granddaughter of Ojibwe leader Waabojiig (pronounced <\/span><b>wah<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b7buh\u00b7<\/span><b>jee\u00b7g<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). However, at the time that Schoolcraft\u2019s book was published in the 1950s, neither Schoolcraft nor Eastman kept up their <\/span><b>kinship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> connections. Eastman declared that his marriage to Wakan Inajin-win was over when he was reassigned from Fort Snelling in 1833, and Schoolcraft moved to Washington D.C. after Jane\u2019s death in 1846.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1065 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-1024x771.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-1024x771.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-768x578.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-1536x1157.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>A closer look at the signature line:<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1076 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-signature-line-1024x63.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"49\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-signature-line-1024x63.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-signature-line-300x18.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-signature-line-768x47.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-signature-line-1536x94.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1820-signature-line.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26410\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26410\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source 4: A map of Chicago: incorporated as a town August 5, 1833 by O. E. Stelzer<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26410\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26410\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A higher resolution version of the image is available <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.leventhalmap.org\/search\/commonwealth:0r96fm830\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here.<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walter Conley (pictured at left) created this image in 1933 to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of Chicago\u2019s incorporation as a town. Conley was a Chicago architect who spent years conducting research to create this commemorative map. Conley worked closely with Caroline M&#8217;Ilvaine, who worked at the Chicago Historical Society, and artist Otto Emil Stelzer, who illustrated Conley\u2019s design. Initially, only 100 copies of the map were printed. These were sold at the 1933 Century of Progress World\u2019s Fair. However, Stelzer later printed smaller and less detailed versions of the map (pictured below). These smaller versions were sold more broadly and at a lower price. The map focuses primarily on the <\/span><b>settler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> population of Chicago, as well as some of the recent infrastructure around the city. The image shows <\/span><b>Indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> people only in the <\/span><b>cartouche<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the lower left-hand corner.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-645 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/commonwealth_0r96fm830_access_full-Large-1024x747.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And a closer look at the image in the lower portion of the map:<\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1070 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-1024x246.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-1024x246.png 1024w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-300x72.png 300w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-768x185.png 768w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up-1536x370.png 1536w, https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Chicago-in-1933-close-up.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h6><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source citation: Conley, Walter M, with Caroline M\u2019Ilvaine and O.E. Stelzer. A Map of Chicago : incorporated as a town August 5, 1833. Chicago: Walter Conley and O.E. Stelzer, 1933.<\/span><\/h6><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f146dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4f146dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3d3b6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3d3b6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2991dbb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2991dbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a23b31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a23b31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Downloadable Documents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93014f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93014f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everything in this module will be available to download as Word documents. Coming soon!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> How have settler narratives attempted to erase Indigenous presence in Chicago?\u200b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1066,"parent":908,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1057","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Question 2 - Indigenous Chicago<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/test.newberry.org\/indigenous-chicago\/curriculum\/module-1\/question-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Question 2 - 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